Difference Between Anatomy and Physiology

Anatomy and physiology are two related biology disciplines. Many college courses teach them together, so its easy to be confused about the difference between them. Simply put, anatomy is the study of the structure and identity of body parts, while physiology is the study of how these parts function and relate to one another. Anatomy is a branch of the field of morphology. Morphology encompasses the internal and outward appearance of an organism (e.g., is shape, size, pattern) as well as form and location of external and internal structures (e.g., bones and organs -- anatomy). A specialist in anatomy is called an anatomist. Anatomists gather information from living and deceased organisms, typically using dissection to master internal structure. The two branches of anatomy are macroscopic or gross anatomy and microscopic anatomy. Gross anatomy focuses on the body as a whole and the identification and description of body parts large enough to be seen with the naked eye. Microscopic anatomy focuses on cellular structures, which may be observed using histology and various types of microscopy. Physiologists need to understand anatomy because the form and location of cells, tissues, and organs are related to function. In a combined course, anatomy tends to be covered first. If the courses are separate, anatomy may be a prerequisite for physiology. The study of physiology requires living specimens and tissues. While an anatomy lab is primarily concerned with dissection, a physiology lab may include experimentation to determine the reaction of cells or systems to change. There are many branches of physiology. For example, a physiologist may focus on the excretory system or the reproductive system. Anatomy and physiology work hand-in-hand. An x-ray technician might discover an unusual lump (change in gross anatomy), leading to a biopsy in which the tissue would be examined on a microscopic level for abnormalities (microscopic anatomy) or a test looking for a disease marker in the urine or blood (physiology). Studying Anatomy and Physiology College biology, pre-med, and pre-vet students often take a combined course called AP (Anatomy and Physiology). This anatomy portion of the course is typically comparative, where students examine homologous and analogous structures in a variety of organisms (e.g., fish, frog, shark, rat or cat). Increasingly, dissections are being replaced by interactive computer programs (virtual dissections). Physiology may be either comparative physiology or human physiology. In medical school, students progress to study human gross anatomy, which involves dissection of a cadaver. In addition to taking AP as a single course, its also possible to specialize in them. A typical anatomy degree program includes courses in embryology, gross anatomy, microanatomy, physiology, and neurobiology. Graduates with advanced degrees in anatomy may become researchers, healthcare educators, or continue their education to become medical doctors. Physiology degrees may be granted at the undergraduate, masters, and doctoral level. Typical courses may include cell biology, molecular biology, exercise physiology, and genetics. A bachelors degree in physiology can lead to entry-level research or placement in a hospital or insurance company. Advanced degrees may lead to careers in research, exercise physiology, or teaching. A degree in either anatomy or physiology is good preparation for studies in the fields of physical therapy, orthopedic medicine, or sports medicine.

Forensic Psychology A Unique Twist On Regular Psychology

Forensic psychology is a unique twist on regular psychology. Remarkably the job of a forensic is a more intense psychiatrist. This is because they do more than normal psychiatrist. A Forensic Psychiatrist is a doctor that has training in psychiatry and forensic that come together to be used with in different aspects of the law (Forensic Psychiatrist: Job Description, 2013). I am interested in Forensic Psychiatrist as a career because it deals with both Forensic and psychology and I am very fascinated by both. Also I find that understand mental health is very important and the want to break the barrier that so many people have about mental illness is something that is very important to me. Others should be instead in them because the help†¦show more content†¦Remarkably they could become mentally unstable. This causes mental illness such as depression, bipolar disorder, and many other different illnesses and disorders. Mental illnesses are important to be treated so that the people that have them have an opportunity to live the way someone with mental stability can live (Mental health: a state of well-being, 2014) . Also there is a barrier that people have, whether it be not understanding mental health, or not caring about it. A psychologist helps break down those barriers and makes things easier for people to have mental disabilities to get the proper treatment that they need. Mental illnesses are nothing to play around with. They can cause rational people do irrational things (Mental health: a state of well-being, 2014). â€Å"Forensic mental health defined more broadly is an area of specialization that, in the criminal sphere, involves the assessment and treatment of those who are both mentally disordered and whose behavior has led, or could lead, to offending (Mullen, 2000).† Remarkably specifically what a forensic psychologist does in comparison to a regular psychologist or psychiatrist is they are involved with the way more than a regular psychologist or psychiatrist does. So working on the forensic field, they would deal a lot more with pressure than a regular psychiatrist. Depending on crimes or offences committed will

Phillip Morris Free Essays

Philip Morris promotion of Marlborough cigarettes. Instituted in the sass’s. The brand moved to and assured that the flavor would be unchanged by the decision of adding a filter. We will write a custom essay sample on Phillip Morris or any similar topic only for you Order Now â€Å"Come to where the flavor Is: Come to Marlboro man,† Marlboro man was a rugged cowboy smoking Marlboro cigarettes while rolling his horse In the outdoors. The ad helped propel Marlboro to the top of the world market Threefold 1 ) Significant economic advantages. Standardized advertising lowers the cost of value creation by spreading the fixed costs of developing the advertisements over many Mounties. Ex. Coca Cola saved $90 million over 20 yr by using certain elements of Its campaign globally 2)Creative talent is scarce and one large effort to develop a campaign is much more successful than numerous amounts of smaller efforts 3)many brands are global brands Against standardizing advertising 1) cultural differences between nations- a message that works In one nation could potentially fall In another nation. Cultural diversity makes It difficult to develop a single theme that Is effective on a global level 2)advertising regulations may block implementation of standardized advertising. Ex. Kellogg could not use a commercial it produced in great Britain to promote its product in other European countries. A reference to iron and vitamins in its cereal was not allowed in the Netherlands because health and medical benefits were outlawed. In France children are not allowed to endorse products. In Germany a key line was disallowed because of competitive claims. Another example would be American express offering bonus points every time the card was used. And the points could be used towards air ravels and hotel accommodations. Germany competition law was broken as it is suppose to prevent the offer of free gifts In connection with the sales of goods. Dealing with country differences Experimenting with capturing benefits of global standardization while recognizing differences in countries cultural and legal environments. Some features to include in all of its advertising, which can result in saving on costs while building international brand recognition. Monika in the sass’s launched a global advertising campaign † 1001 reasons to have a Monika imaging phone. Did this to reduce costs and capture economies of scale. Value in trying to establish a global brand image. Used actors from regions where the advertising covered. And used local settings as well. Doves global real beauty campaign 1) Milliner, who marketed dove a storied consumer multinational with global reach, a strong positioned In fast growing developing nations, and a reputation for customizing products to condition prevailing In local markets. ( ex. Indian women OLL hair before washing , so western shampoos that TLD remove the OLL didn’t sell well. However, milliner reformulated shampoos for India. Company exaggerated because it has shifted towards a global emphasis. Dove. Brand should stand for the real beauty of all women. Mission was to make women feel more beautiful everyday by widening the stereotypical definition of beauty and inspiring them to take care of themselves. 3) Following workshops held around the globe that brand managers and agencies communicate beauty. Asked 67 photographers to submit portraits of women of all shapes, sizes and ages. Dove photo tour. ) German office of Milliner advertising agency, Googol and Matter worldwide, came up with a concept for communicating real beauty based on photographs showing ordinary women in their underwear. Advertisement made its way to the I-J where they perceived it as politics and not advertising. 5) 2% of women worldwide considered themselves as beautiful and the half thought their weight was too high 6) 2004 campaign was launched globally. Radical shift form Milliner . T weaked to take local sensibilities. 7) Milliner extended the dove product line to include skin creams, shampoos, and shower gels. Made a video on youth 8) Dove created â€Å"Evolution, depicting the transformation of a real woman into a model and promoting awareness of how unrealistic perceptions of beauty are created. † 9) â€Å"he Dove global study, Beauty Comes of Age, revealed that 91% of women ages 50-64 believe it is time for society to change its views about women and aging. The campaign celebrated the essence of women 50+ ?wrinkles, age spots, grey hair and all. It was brought to life through a communications campaign created with internationally renowned photographer Annie Leibniz. 0) â€Å"The Dove@ Movement for Self-Esteem provides women everywhere with opportunities to mentor the next generation and celebrate real beauty. â€Å"11)†Dove@ has created self-esteem- building, educational programs and activities that encourage, inspire and motivate girls around the world. Dove has reached over 7 million girls so far with these programs, and set a global goal of reaching 15 million girls b y 2015. † -supply chains looks like -How Is it going to come in? -How you will market? Brand is the logo, 100, and connotations â€Å"Bat† night, up late. How to cite Phillip Morris, Papers

Legal Relations Business and Corporations Law

Question: Discuss about the Legal Relations for Business and Corporations Law. Answer: Introduction: The case study describes an agreement between a father and his son, Richard, for the upkeep of the family compound at a weekly fee of two hundred dollars ($200). After four weeks the father reneges on his end of the bargain stating that it is Richards responsibility as a family member to care for the compound. He argues further that as Richard is getting free board and lodging payment should not be required. The scenario in question gives rise to various issues under Contract Law. It is evident that an agreement was arrived at between Richard and his father, however, whether this agreement creates a contract enforceable by law is the key issue to be discussed in this paper. Gulati (2011) believes that the essence of Contract Law is validating promises made by parties in exercise of their free will and independence. Generally, for a contract to exist an offer and an acceptance, intent to be bound by law, consideration, capacity and freedom to contract, as well as the comprehension and approval of the circumstances in place should be present (Elements of a Contract 2015). According to Andrews (2015), the intent to create legal relations doctrine goes hand in hand with the Doctrine of Consideration, that is, the element of a price paid. As such, should a person wish to sue on a promise he must first show the element of consideration exists and that secondly the promise was exchanged under circumstances illuminating an intent to create legal relations (Andrews 2015). Evidence on the existence of intent can be either express, by way of words, or implied in the parties actions (Latimer 2012). In Grant v Bragg [2009] EWCA Civ 1228, the court recognised that where parties have agreed that informal agreementsshould be finalised in writing, the effect is to render the parties dealingssubject to contract. With regard to intention being implied by the parties actions, McHugh JA in Integrated Computer Services Pty Ltd v Digital Equipment Corp. (Aust) Pty Ltd [1988] CA 365, stated that a contract may be inferred from the acts and conduct of parties as well as or in the absence of their words. This conduct should be analysed to determine consensus, this point was reinforced in Ormwave Pty Ltd v Smith [2007] NSWCA 210. With regard to intention, agreements have been categorised into those of a social or domestic nature and those of a business or commercial nature (Gibson 2014). Social or domestic agreements are those involving family members or friends as parties in which a rebuttable presumption that parties did not intend legal relations exists (Gibson 2014). Traditionally, agreements created under the social or domestic context were unenforceable as they were presumed, at first instance, to be lacking serious intention (Gibson 2014). It was believed that in respect of policy, contract law should not interfere in family situations as the courts would be flooded by petty family discords (McKendrick Liu 2015). The decision in Ermogenous v Greek Orthodox Community of South Australia Incorporated [2001] 209 CLR 95, change the test for intention from a rebuttable presumption to an objective analysis of the conduct of the parties (Gibson 2014). According to Lord Denning in Merritt v Merritt [1970] 1 WLR 1211 courts did not attempt to adduce intention by examining the minds of the parties but rather by inquiring whether a reasonable man would consider the agreement as an intention to contract (Gulati 2011). The leading decision in domestic arrangements, other than those between married parties, is Jones v Padavatton [1969] 1 WLR 328 CA where a daughter resigned from her job in the US and moved to London on her mothers invitation (Furmston Tolhurst 2010) The mother had promised to pay her $200 a month if she moved to London to study for the bar, after various attempts and failures at the examination the mother terminated the agreement and sort to repossess the house she had purchased for her da ughter based on the aforementioned agreement (Stone Devenney 2014). In this case, Salmon LJ analysed the facts rather than automatically applying a presumption and found that a valid contract was in operation although it had since expired (Andrews 2015). In addition to the objective test, courts have also in some cases opted to respect custom as a test for the intention to create legal relations among familial parties (Lucke 1970). This was illustrated in Tarverner v Swanbury [1944] SASR 194 where an Italian immigrant and market gardener hired his son for a number of years with the promise of his sustenance and some allowance. In this case, Reed J stated that intention to contract was absent in the agreement as it observed an Italian custom that was not normally subject to legal deliberation (Lucke 1970). The agreement between Richard and his father in the case study provided is one that falls in the bracket of social and domestic agreements. At first instance, it would be subjected to a rebuttable presumption that it was not meant to be legally enforceable. However, as courts have evolved to adopt objectivity in adjudging such cases, the question of intent will be answered by inferences from the conduct of Richard and his father. It is clear from the conduct of Richards father that this was not a matter he intended to be legally enforceable as it is every family members responsibility to care for the property. Should Richard decide to proceed with filing a suit to seek any remedy, he should be advised that the onus would be on him to prove that the agreement was a valid contract. He should also prove that it is not customary for parents to hire their children in his community, where such arrangements are free of intention to contract. It is important to note that proving intent in su ch cases is an uphill battle for the plaintiff and the reasonable solution would be to handle the matter amicably outside of court. Frere Bros contracted Joe, based on his prowess in the acting industry, for five years during which he was not to offer his acting services elsewhere. However, a year later, Joe engaged Pretty Pictures in an agreement to star in their film. The issue in question in this scenario is whether Joes actions constitute a breach of contract. This will be determined by analysing whether the exclusivity clause, restraining Joes freedom of employment, was valid. At face value, it would seem that there was indeed a breach of contract as Joe violated a term in the contract that he had previously agreed to. However, as will be seen, the issue of exclusivity clauses in personal service contracts is one that elicits great discourse due to its sensitive nature. There exists, in every contract, an implied requirement that each party act in good faith so as not to hinder the contracts execution (LaMance 2013). Employment contracts, in particular, expect good faith and fidelity from an employee in their service where fidelity simply requires an employees consideration for their employers interests (Contracts of Employment The Duty of Fidelity 2013). Smith LJ in Robb v Green [1895] provided the first expression of this duty in its modern form as an implied obligation of the servant to serve his master with good faith and fidelity (Frazer 2015). The Duty of Fidelity comprises of clear elements such as the duty not to compete with the employer which has been identified in case law as illustrated in Hivac Ltd v Park Royal Scientific Instruments Ltd CA 1946 (Brooks 2001). In this case, the plaintiffs employees worked for the defendant, who operated in the same industry, during their spare time; the spare time work was held to be a breach of contra ct based on the Doctrine of Fidelity (Brooks 2001). The orthodox standing of the law with regard to breach of exclusive service clauses has been the decision in Lumley v Wagner [1852] EWHC (Ch) J96, where Lord St Leonards granted an injunction restricting an opera singer from performing at a theatre as she had contacted to perform exclusively at the plaintiffs theatre for a period of three months (Brooks 2001). The rule in Lumley was also applied in Curro v Beyond Productions Ltd [1993] 30 NSWLR 337 to prevent a television presenter from breaching her service contract by switching to a different television channel (Latimer 2012). This rule has been keenly observed by Australian courts over the years, which have been more traditional than the British ones (Brooks 2001). According to Brooks (2001), with regard to restraints in the course of employment, British courts have adopted the category of specified services over the traditional one of special services restricted to the entertainment industry. They have opted to accept the legitimacy of exclusive service contracts on the grounds that the restriction on other employment is limited to the specific field in which the employer is concerned and that said restriction is reasonable (Brooks 2001). The test for reasonableness involves weighing the employees short-term loss of employment against the loss of skills to a competitor (Brooks 2001). The restraint will be enforced by a court of law if it is proved that the employer has a genuine interest to protect and the clause does not overreach in protecting this interest (Brooks 2001). Additionally, an employer who wants exclusive service must obtain an express agreement to that effect (Brooks 2001). Contracts for personal service are not usually subject to the doctrine of specific performance (Latimer 2012). This is because the effect of such a remedy would force the party in breach to either execute their end of the bargain or starve (Sullivan Hilliard 2016). This point was illustrated in Warner Brothers v Nelson [1937] 1 KB 209 where the courts granted injunctions rather than specific performance orders as remedies for breach of exclusivity clauses(Sullivan Hilliard 2016). Lord Cairns in Doherty v Allman [1878] 3 App Cas. 709 stated that where parties, at a reasonable price, who are well aware of the circumstances in question, agree to prohibit a particular act or omission, then the work of an equitable court, through an injunction, would be to simply enforce the agreement, that the particular act or omission is prohibited (Riley 2012). Additionally, where a term in a contract creates a requirement, which if infringed, renders said term valueless and ineligible for compensat ion then damages in such a case are likely to be inadequate (Riodan 2004). In the case study provided, Frere Bros made it expressly clear in their contract with Joe that they required exclusive service by ensuring he promised to work with only them for a period of five years. Additionally, Pretty Pictures is a business operating in the same industry as Frere Bros and as such they are competitors. Joes skill as one of the best actors in the industry would give Pretty Pictures a competitive advantage over Frere Bros. This goes to show that Frere Bros does, in fact, have a genuine interest to protect by restricting Joe from contracting with other film production companies. With this is mind it is clear that Joe has breached his duty of fidelity to Frere Bros. As a remedy of damages would be inadequate and that of specific performance highly prejudiced against the actor, Frere Bros can only seek an injunction to stop Joe from contracting with Pretty Pictures. References Andrews, N., 2015, Contract Law, Cambridge University Press. Brooks, A., 2001, The Limits of Competition: Restraint of Trade in the Context of Employment Contracts, UNSW Law Journal, 24(2), 346-381. Frazer, A., 2015, The Employees Contractual Duty of Fidelity, The Law Quarterly Review, 131(1), 53-77. Furmston, M. Tolhurst, G.J., 2010, Contract Formation: Law and Practice, Oxford University Press, Oxford. Gibson, A. Fraser, D., 2013, Business Law 2014, Pearson Education, Australia. Gulati, B., 2011, Intention to Create Legal Relations: A Contractual Necessity or An Illusory Concept, Beijing Law Review 2(3), 127-133. LaMance, K., 2013, Contract Good Faith and Fair Dealing, in Legal Match, viewed 5 September 2016, from https://www.legalmatch.com/law-library/article/contract-good-faith-and-fair-dealing.html. Latimer, P., 2012, Australian Business Law, CCH Australia Ltd. Lucke, H.K., 1970, The Intention to Create Legal Relations, The Adelaide Law Review, 3(4) 419-430, viewed 5 September 2016, from https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/AdelLawRw/1970/1.html. McKendrick, E. Liu, Q., 2015, Contract Law: Australian Edition, Palgrave Macmillan. OSullivan, J. Hilliard, J., 2016, The Law of Contract, Oxford University Press. Riley, J., 2012, Sterilising Talent: A Critical Assessment of Injunctions Enforcing Negative Covenants , Sydney Law Review, 34(4), 617-635, viewed 5 September 2016, from https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2244676. Riordan, J., 2004, Equitable Remedies, Jaani Net Resources, 1-13, viewed 5 September 2016, from https://www.jaani.net/resources/law_notes/contracts/13_Equitable_remedies.pdf. Stone, R. Devenney, J., 2014, Text, Cases and Materials on Contract Law, Routledge. The Law Handbook, 2016, Elements of a Contract, viewed 5 September 2016, from https://www.lawhandbook.org.au/07_01_02_elements_of_a_contract/. TWN Solicitors, 2013, Contracts of Employment-The Duty of Fidelity, viewed 5 September 2016, from https://www.twmsolicitors.com/news-and-blogs/contracts-of-employment-the-duty-of-fidelity/.

Topics for Cause and Effect Essays free essay sample

A cause and effect essay aims at explaining the reasons and results of an event or situation. †¢It is one the most popular essay types in the academic world. †¢It is beneficial for a student to write a cause and effect essay because it propels him to think of the situation in depth to come up with the reasons for the birth of that situation and its eventual impact on everything it affects. †¢It encourages the mind to think analytically and investigate a situation in its true light. Writing a cause and effect essay needs key understanding of the topic and keen attention to detail. †¢It may seem like it is an easy thing to do but you cannot go far beyond the introduction if you do not put analytical skills into writing it. †¢Such types of essay basically targets two main points, why the event or situation took place and how did it made its impact. We will write a custom essay sample on Topics for Cause and Effect Essays or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page †¢You have to remember to concentrate your cause and effect essay to revolve around these two points and do not let it deviate from its main focus. Cause and effect are two approaches that are closely related so it is sometimes a bit tricky to differentiate between the two. Therefore, it is imperative that you understand the topic properly before approaching it. You should choose an excellent cause and effect topic. †¢This topic should help you relate one event to another, ultimately revealing its causes and effects. †¢You should aim at writing it in such a way that it keeps the reader hooked on to it, keeping them on the edge of their seats. Cause and effects of media violence †¢Analyze the cause and effect of excessive TV viewing †¢Cause and effects of land pollution Cause and effects of teenage depression †¢Cause and effect of global financial crunch †¢Cause and effect of terrorism †¢Cause and effect of policies made by United Nations on the world †¢Cause and effect of threatening of North Korea to start a nuclear war, on the world †¢Cause and effect of using too much of mobile phones †¢Cause and effect of having irrational fears Cause and effect of noise pollution †¢Cause and effect of some minor inventions †¢Cause and effect of generation gap †¢Cause and effect of the weather on mood †¢Passage of a national health program, cause and effect †¢Technology and its effect on human freedom and happiness in society †¢Cause and effect of extreme weather conditions around the globe apart from human activities †¢Cause and effect of SSRIs on adolescents †¢Cause and effect of mercury on community health. Cause and effect of multilingualism on the learning of additional languages †¢Cause and effect of native language instruction on the ESL development of adults: a synthesis of the research †¢Cause and effect of sleep deprivation to work productivity †¢The influence of TV advertising on gender identity †¢What are the actual and potential consequences of nuclear leaks and meltdowns? †¢What are the causes and effect of the computer revolution? †¢What are the causes of unrest in Ireland? †¢What are the effects of the illiteracy? †¢What caused the AIDS epidemic? What caused the proliferation of the bubonic plague in the Middle Ages? †¢What causes rain, and what are the usual effects of it? †¢What effect can have the vanishing of the animal and plant species? †¢What effect does the business participation on the Internet have on privacy considerations? What is the debate over this issue? †¢What effect does the Internet have on businesses and corporations? †¢What effects can be attributed to phenomena such as Apartheid? †¢What effects can be attributed to phenomena such as El Nino? †¢Write a cause and effect essay about acid rain Cause and effect of showing violence in the movies †¢Cause and effect of racism †¢Cause and effect of smart phones in our daily life †¢Causes and effects of land pollution †¢Cause and effects of media violence †¢The effects of sleep deprivation to work productivity †¢The effects of leaking military technology to the civilian societies. †¢The causes of extreme weather conditions around the globe apart from human activities †¢What causes rain, and what are the usual effects of it? †¢Effects of using mobile phones too much †¢Generation gap; causes and effects.

Marriage in the Postmodern Society

Marriage in the Postmodern Society Abstract The report presents the issue of marriage in the postmodern society. It carries out a comprehensive study on the status of the marriage institution in the 21st century by defining marriage under a postmodernist perspective: symmetrical family’s justifications and criticisms.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Marriage in the Postmodern Society specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It then shifts its focus to the factors that are currently either affecting, or threatening the validity and desirability of marriage, namely, the appeal of and availability as an option of singlehood, the increase in divorce, and cohabitation. Consequently, it is apparent that the marriage institution has definitely evolved in the 21st century society. The aforementioned variables are just but a few of the possible explanations. The question that remains is whether a universal gauge is in existence to which society should strive t o adhere in terms of the ideal marriage. If so, what is the standard? Since this is just a report, the paper avoids committing to any specific answer to that question thus opting to leave it to the reader’s exercise of action. Acknowledgement I would like to express my profound gratitude to my parents who have been very helpful in the compilation of this report by offering interesting insights on marriage that I shall share in the report as examples. I am also very grateful for the library resources including the large volumes of sociology textbooks and the internet, which were priceless sources of information and insights into the history of the marriage institution. The library staff members were much cordial. I am grateful for them having availed the facility for my use for both research and discussions. Finally, I would like to thank my professor who gave me constant feedback and guidance towards the completion of this report projects, as well as the respective group memb ers for their time and dedicated input into the project. Introduction Marriage refers to different things to the diverse people in different societies. However, all these diverse personalities throughout the world seem to converge into an agreement on one critical factor that marriage is a merger between two or more parties with the intention of establishing a family. Beyond this very general definition of marriage, there are numerous diverging opinions on what marriage consists of, ranging from same sex marriages to polyandrous marriages.Advertising Looking for report on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Circa 900BC, the world only knew one type of marriage, at least the Judeo-Christian history, which is the best documented type that indicates that marriage was between a man and a woman with the option of an increase in the number of wives if the man was wealthy enough to provide for them (New Advent Para. 2). This point introduces a very interesting yet somewhat underestimated or contemporarily downplayed variable in the marriage institution, which is the economic perspective. Research indicates that, in the past, marital unions were majorly determined on economic and social grounds rather than the emotional basis of marriages in the 21st century. According to the proponents of this school of thought, this qualifies to be the reason why the marriage institution today is highly unstable, as people no longer look at unions for their profitability purpose. In fact, today, if a woman singles out a wealthy male and targets such a man for his wealth, she shall be referred to derogatively as a gold digger. Conversely, arranged marriages of the past were very stable despite the lack of emotional basis. The proponents for this school of thought cite economical stability of the husband or the wife in cases where women had large fortunes as the cause of stability as opposed to unwise or u nprofitable unions based solely on love and affection, or on the notion of soul mates. Brief background into the history of marriage Marriage dates back into time immemorial. What becomes apparent as one transcends centuries looking is that, in the past, unions were strictly between a man and a woman who were monogamous. The notion of polygamy started later during the Abrahamic era. Even then, it was only in very special circumstances that the man could take more than one woman to wife. What has become known as polygyny or polygamy today began innocently enough as a permissiveness of society towards promiscuity among males (Sociology Guide Para. 3). This was a manifestation of the excesses of a patriarchal society. Men saw this patriarchal status as a justification of their superiority over women. Soon enough, the worth of women was diminished and equated to that of property. A wealthy man could take as many concubines as he pleased to his harem (this was the case in Arabic cultures ). In other cultures, this was manifested by the permissiveness of society towards male sexual expression, as it became acceptable for men to have affairs though it was a cardinal sin for a woman to be caught in a sexual transgression. The offence was punishable by death during Jesus’ time. It is interesting to note that, even then, men who were responsible for women committing adultery rarely suffered equal punishment. Another piece of evidence for this chauvinistic attitude is found in the meaning of the word ‘prostitution’, which originated from the Latin term, prostituta, which means a harlot or a woman who offers up her body indiscriminately, usually for money. Further evidence is in the term ‘male prostitute’, which only got attested in 1948 (Etymology Online Dictionary Para. 4).Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Marriage in the Postmodern Society specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More These examples are an indication of the evolution of the status of the marriage institution. In the past, dowry was a very significant part of marriage because the economical aspect was a critical decision maker. Chastity was also very crucial as evidenced by the number of â€Å"shotgun† weddings, which occurred on a very short notice when a certain male compromised a woman’s virtue. Variables that have contributed to the status of 21st century marriages Upon a fast tracking to the 21st century, marriage has become a fundamentally different institution from what it was in time immemorial. Today, people have a very different perspective concerning what they consider an ideal marriage (Cherlin ‘The Marriage-Go-Round’ 18). This case can be seen from the myriads of marriage types that have infiltrated the post modernist society. Some of these interesting developments in the marriage institution include same sex marriages, cohabitation (come-we-stay), polyand ry and polygamy, and open unions (whereby the partners are married to each other, but they are allowed to have other sexual partners and relationships without the bonds of matrimony). Other than these types of unions that have been formally recognised and even named and studied by sociologists, millions of married couples are having affairs from even the sixth month of the marriage. Such kinds of shocking news lead one to enquire, ‘why should we get married in the first place?’ This question is interesting. To source its answer requires one to travel back in time and look into traditional marriages. The reasons for marriage back in the days were interesting because they were politically, socially, or economically motivated except for the shotgun wedding scenarios. People married to form strategic alliances between kingdoms, families, or to benefit from the spouse’s fortune. They married because they were avoiding a scandal that was likely to ensue after having be en caught in a compromising situation or in honour of age-old promises between their predecessors whose promises usually consisted of conditions and a promise of a reward or sanction if the conditions addendum to such a promise were either complied with or defaulted upon respectively. In short, love and affection were rarely the reasons why people got married. Today, the society has completely turned around from these old motivations to marriage. People get married only when they are in love with each other or when they end up pregnant after having engaged in premarital sex and so marriage is hastily done in a bid to save face (Cherlin ‘The Marriage-Go-Round’ 27).Advertising Looking for report on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In short, the post modernist society has the traditional view towards marriage backwards because, whereas people in the past were accustomed to getting into matrimony as strangers and then growing into love with each other, today, people fall in love first after which they get into matrimony based on this love. The unequal distribution of wealth in the society, and specifically the gap between the rich and the poor, is also another significant factor in the analysis of post modernist society. Of course, this perspective requires a wider review of the economics of the post modernist society, specifically concerning the gender differences in wealth that are manifested in today’s society as compared to those in the past. This shall be the first factor that shall merit a discussion in this report. The Dynamics of Economic Balance The civil war in the early periods of the second half of the twentieth century in the United States of America is a magnificent example for use to expla in this factor of economics. At the time, civil rights activists and feminists came together to advocate for equality of men and women as they felt that the society was a reflection of the male chauvinism that was suffocating and insulting to women’s dignity and development as a sex since time immemorial (Sociologyweb Para. 5). This was a relevant complaint at the time because the society had always been rather private and silent on the status of women. Society was clearly patriarchal. However, since the industrial age and the intermittent world wars had proven to the world that women too could get an education and manage to provide for their families in the absence of their men, the government had no justifiable excuse for continuing to undermine women’s capacities. Consequently, in the US, the Affirmative Action took effect. The results were reflected in the increased emphasis on the ‘girl child’s’ success. Women thrived. They went to school and g ot scholarships to college. The barriers to college entry were utterly destroyed. If anything, they got a more favourable treatment than their male counterparts did (Cherlin ‘Public and Private Families’ 84). The effects of this mollycoddling are now felt as society is filled with prosperous women who do not need to rely on men to survive. Suddenly, society is confronted with a phenomenon that has never before been manifested in such great proportions throughout history. Therefore, there is no hope for alluding to past solutions to apply them into the current problem. Initially, marriages were stable because the woman relied on the man for all and any expenses that she accrued as evidenced by age-old common law principles in matters such as bankruptcy of women whereby married women could not be adjudged bankrupt. In case a woman was actually bankrupt, her debts would be answered upon the head of her husband. Now, women can afford to stay single indefinitely because, whe n they age, they simply move out of their parents’ homes and get a personal apartment. This case means that parents no longer need to stress about supporting adult daughters. This situation on the other hand results in less pressure being exerted upon the daughters to get married. This factor advises the next segment of this report’s discussion. The appeal of and availability as an option of singlehood In the 21st century, there is nothing surprising or shocking about being a woman who is more than 40 years old, and not having a husband. Neither is it shocking for a man to be without a wife at a similarly advanced age. It is only an issue if the said adult still lives with his or her parents at that advanced age. Research indicates that, as time lapses and adults fail to marry, or get married at a particular point or a period in their lives usually when their peers are getting married, they are likely to remain single for the rest of their lives or marry when they are very old. The same case applies to newlyweds that are widowed shortly after their wedding day. In 1901, only one out of ten households contained a single individual contrary to one out of every three households today that have a single person (Sociologyweb Para. 6). Conversely, in 1971, two-thirds (2/3) of people in single households exceeded pensionable age, which is sixty -five for men and sixty for women. Today, only half of those in single households exceed the pensionable age. Apparently, more people prefer to remain single in the twenty-first century. There are various reasons proposed to explain these alarming figures, including that the rate of marriages is declining, with an increase in divorce and separation. Secondly, people are delaying marriage or opting to cohabit until they are older. To explain this situation, the age bracket between 25 and 44 is dominated with bachelors. However, beyond 65 years, the numbers are opposite, with doubled women relative to men who are s ingle at this point of their lives (Sociologyweb Para. 2). The explanation for this case is that women have a higher life expectancy. Nevertheless, the reasons why people are choosing to remain single deserve further discussion. The next segment carries out an in-depth analysis of divorce as a cause of singlehood, which is a factor that is affecting the institution of marriage in the twenty-first century. It is interesting that this next segment is double pronged because divorce too affects the institution of marriage. Therefore, the segment shall discuss it under both faucets. The Increased Rate of Divorce The available several causes of divorce include individualism; dissatisfaction of conjugal rights, independence of women, social and legal permissiveness, and mass media influence. Individualism Most cultures in the 21st century are very individualistic. If two individualistic individuals come together in marriage, they are likely to carry this trait into wedlock. It becomes mani fest in spending their time separate from each other with each pursuing personal interests. This case is especially common when the two individuals are career-oriented with distinct professional goals that are different but equally important to them. Alternatively, when the husband has this trait, it means that he spends most of his time at work and/or hiding behind the excuse of being the sole breadwinner as the justification for staying away from home for so long. This scenario usually culminates in the development of romantic relationships with females at work, which if discovered, could result in divorce. Women too are integrated in the career world. When they see their male colleagues, who may be married, carrying on in this lecherous manner, it serves as a strong reason against marriage. Dissatisfaction of conjugal rights Dissatisfaction of conjugal rights is usually the next step after the development or continued sustenance of individualism. The spouse shall then start eying attractive options at the place of work, usually out of the boredom of having had only one partner for an extended period. An interesting observation now is that the survival rate of a marriage usually has a lot to do with the past sexual experiences of the spouses. If the spouse was accustomed to jumping in and out of relationships on a monthly basis, it may only take one month after the wedding for such a person to cheat. On the other hand, if the spouse had a more disciplined outlook to relationships prior to getting married, it is likely to last longer before feelings of boredom invade his or her mind. Other parties become interesting candidates for adventurous affairs. However, this explanation is not absolute, as there are those couples whose past life was very promiscuous, yet they survived longer than their more chaste counterparts did. In the end, the determinant is usually the amount of diligence exercised by both spouses about making their marriage work. Independence of Women Independence affects marriage in two ways. First, since women are now employable and that they can comfortably make their own income, they can easily get out of an unhappy marriage, which is unlike the olden days. Traditionally, despite the horrendous treatment that the wife was receiving in her marital home, she stayed on because she had nowhere else. Going back to her maiden home was some sort of proof that she was a failure as a woman. However, concerning this point, it is interesting to note that illiterate women who have no skills to market may still find themselves enslaved to their husbands, even in the twenty-first century. This assertion is deductable from the countless accounts of abuse in the matrimonial home and a closer review of the victims’ personal credibility in terms of independence. The second dimension to independence is that women are more focused on their jobs today so much such that what was initially known as the â€Å"second shift† in the representation of the role a husband plays in the household after he comes home from work has been renamed the â€Å"third shift† for women. It is inclusive of their professional lives’ demands, household chores and childcare, and emotional needs and fulfilments. Women are finding themselves very involved in work that they hardly have the time to deal with the emotional drama that comes with being in the relationship. This case causes the relationship to suffer, with divorce rates escalating. Social and Legal Permissiveness Society and the law have become more accepting of divorce. Whereas it was initially almost impossible to divorce one’s spouse, today, divorce proceedings in court last for a month for the case to be settled. If anything, the only contentious issue is the distribution of the marital property or the prenuptial agreement, which is another interesting development in the twenty-first century marriage arrangements. The society blatantly encourages divorce for unhappy unions as evidenced by marriage therapists and married or divorced friends telling their troubled colleagues to leave their marriages. In the past, marital problems were dealt with rather than pushing them under the rug and/or being allowed to fester because people knew that they were stuck with each other. Therefore, they had to work things out, which is no longer the case and divorce is seen as the exit clause in the event of major marital differences. Mass media influence Celebrities, who unfortunately, are the people’s icons, record the highest rates of divorces. When girls and boys dream about their future spouses, they fantasise about celebrities. When such impressionable youths then see such celebrity couples getting divorced barely two months after the wedding, they are disillusioned and misinformed about the marriage institution. Over time, their entire perspective on marriage becomes ruined. That case has led to the outrageous permissiveness tha t infests the twenty first century in the first place because, thanks to the fast dispersal of information, centuries-old traditional values of marriage and the family institution are being eroded within hours of watching certain movies or news bit on the latest contemporary marriage that went awry. Cohabitation Most couples in the twenty first century are forming a pattern of cohabiting rather than getting married. Watching the TV Series, â€Å"Better with You† that is directed by James Burrows neatly covers such a situation as Ben (acted by John Cooke) and Maddie- Maddeline (acted by Jennifer Finnigan) have been cohabiting for nine years. When the sitcom begins, they call their arrangement a â€Å"Valid Life Choice†. Sixty percent of couples that start cohabiting for the first time eventually get married. Seven out of ten couples give the same address on their marriage license while 56 percent of these carry out religious wedding ceremonies (Cherlin ‘Public and Private Families’ 97). It is becoming a norm to move in together and blatantly engage in sexual relations before marriage. The reasons for this include the availability, affordability and increased efficiency of contraceptives, and the geographical separation from the traditional family set ups, which allow couples to live together while not married without censure from relatives and other older generational members in the society among others. Status of marriage in the post modernist society The marriages that are prevailing in the post modernist society seem to follow a certain pattern. They seem to be symmetrical in the role of men and women although the extent of this symmetry is highly debatable. It has been the cause of much contention among feminist groups. The evidence of this symmetry is made manifest in the interchangeable and flexible roles of man and wife and the professional lives of both spouses as both are usually engaged in a paid employment meaning that the husband often helps in the housework. In fact, it does not make sense to leave it all to the wife yet both were in the office throughout the day. Additionally, since the wife is making a relevant contribution to the family’s income, the husband may feel obligated to help in the house. This income contribution also means that the wife and husband both engage in decision-making. Finally, the wife and husband in a symmetrical marriage share common friends and leisure activities thus giving them time and opportunity to bond and build their relationship. Criticisms of this deduction are mostly voiced by feminist activists who state that helping in the home is irrelevant as men count ironing their clothes as a form of helping. Women are still the primary homemakers and child caregivers in the home. Therefore, symmetry cannot be said to be in effect. Additionally, women have an emotional toll that they have to bear solely. Their role cannot be said to be equal to that of the men. Co nclusion This report has carried out a comprehensive study of the marriage institution in the post modernist society by first looking into the history of marriage and then looking at the matters that have come up since time immemorial to distort marriage. These factors include economic liberation of women and the social and legal permissiveness towards divorce among others. The factors prove the inevitability of change in the marriage institution. Finally, it has looked at the symmetrical status of the twenty-first century marriages. In conclusion, it posits that marriage has evolved significantly since historical times and will only continue to do so as society continues to evolve. Cherlin, Andrew. The Marriage-Go-Round: The State of Marriage and the Family Today. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2009. Print. Cherlin, Andrew. Public and Private Families: An Introduction (Sixth edition). London: McGraw-Hill, 2010. Print. Etymology Online Dictionary. etomologyonline.com, 2010. Web. New Ad vent. Catholod Encyclopedia: History of Marriage, 2009. Web. Sociology Guide. Marriage, Family, and Kinships, 2012. Web. Sociologyweb. Sociology Changes in the Family, 2013. Web.

Development and Towns and Cities Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Development and Towns and Cities - Essay Example In cases where the growth factor ceases, there is likelihood of the city gradually dying because of lack of activity. This may explain the reason why some known cities in history such as the walled market towns of the 9th century in north UK died. These were replaced by the medieval towns that were motivated by the agricultural productivity during their time and need for produce storage and marketing such as the Newton city, Newport and Newmarket. As we consider the growth and development of cities from the ancient through the medieval to the present age and project the growth into the future, it is important to note that a city, like a liviing thing is born, can grow, can be sustained and has potential to die. What may be important in this case is to note that the growth of towns and cities is a transformational process based on differnent influences. Past influences over the growth of towns and cities Growth of towns and cities traced to the 1st century BC was a culmination of mult iple factors but most pronounced was the economic factor. Most of the towns in the UK grew as trade hubs to facilitate trade of goods. Most of the growth is traced to the medieval age when there was a boom in agricultural production where most lords and barons wanted channels to distribute or market their produce. This saw the development of walled cities like Oxford and Hereford which were basically trade cities. Because of the need to move the products, most of these cities grew along major trade routes where transportation was easiest. Therefore transport network in the UK became an important factor that influenced growth and development of towns and cities. These developed as hubs and interconnections where commodities would be collected in readiness for transportion to the market. For this reason most of the ancient cities were harbor cities because of the formidable water transport system by then using steamships and rafts. Because of human sociology as a result of economic gr owth, social needs of residents and internal migrants promoted development of other cities in the UK. These included â€Å"cathedral cities† like in Wales (where magnificence of churches is evident), administrative cities like Canterbury, Silchester, Wroxeter, and Winchester which were used as Roman capitals while others like Caerleon, Gloucester and Chester were fortresses and defence cities. Although the administrative factor became important later, yet it was routed in the need to watch over the economics. It is therefore imperative to say that the two most important factors that influenced growth of towns and cities in teh UK are need to control markets and the issues of human sociology that demanded social structures and formal city and town formation (Smith, 2006 p 5). Present day influences on growth These can be traced back to the industrial revolution time in the 18th century where growth was mainly transformed by the textile industry which is said to lead to the gro wth of Dublin (British second largest city after London) (Fraser, 1980 p 465). Growth of towns and cities in this time was fuelled by the need to source raw materials, manufature goods and distributing them to the market as was seen in Birmingham and Manchester which doubled up as admistrative towns as well. Because of the increased wealth the present day growth shifted its focus slightly from economics to social factors. This led to growth of towns for recreation such as the Brighton

Art 123 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Art 123 - Essay Example The theme is naturalistic. There is a spirit of expectation. Masaccio modeled his figures as solid as statues to be realistic, by using strong light in particular areas to give shadow effect in his figures, complying with the principle of Renaissance along with naturalism. The featured background is done with linear perspective of mountains and temple structure that is drawn symmetrically. Renaissance artists, writers and thinkers are said to have respect for order, symmetry and proportion. In addition to this are the realistic facial expressions of the figures. For example, the face of St. Peter, in his effort to bend over and take the money away from the fish's mouth, has turned red. At the right side, the tax collector is illustrated with a satisfied expression on his face while St. Peter hands him over the coin. The actions, gestures and expressions here are what real people express in given circumstances. Figures are dressed in Greek's fashion, in line with the biblical description of dress code during the first century, with tunics tied at the waist, and cloaks wrapped over their left shoulder, around the back, and clasped at the front. On the other hand, Caravaggio's The Calling of St. Matthew is a Baroque art, as evident by the visual representation of the painting itself, using exaggerated position of the figures which is a principle of Baroque art.

Business finance and legal service coursework(writing a report ) Essay

Business finance and legal service coursework(writing a report ) - Essay Example One of the eminent brands of the company is IRN-BRU which the company wished to develop for more than 100 years. The other well known brands in soft drinks launched by the company include Red Kola, Tizer, Simply juice drinks, KA, DNB, Rubycon, Strathmore etc (A.G.Barr Plc, 2013, p.1). A G Barr is a franchisee partner of Schweppes International Ltd. where the company is involved in a partnership of production and sale of soft drinks. Rockstar Inc. of USA is another partner of A G Barr. The Rockstar drinks are sold in the UK market through distribution channels of A G Barr. The volume of sales of soft drinks as well as revenues from the sales of its brands has increased over the years. The company sells twelve cans of 330 ml capacity of IRN-BRU per second in the Scottish markets. For its operations, A G Barr has invested over ?50 million for the production and distribution of soft drinks in Cumbernauld. The company produced over 180 million litres of soft drinks in this site. This oper ation unit of A G Barr is able to manufacture 690 million cans per year. The Industry The company under consideration operates in the soft drinks market of UK. The soft drinks industry can be categorised into three segments. The three segments are take-home segments, the impulse segment and the premise segment. The take-home segment distributes soft drinks through the retail groceries, the impulse segment is the outlet shops in order to satisfy impulsive demands, the premise segment comprises the clubs, hotels, restaurants, etc. The soft drinks industry is governed by the British Soft Drinks Association which protects the interests of the soft drinks manufacturer and distributors by communicating with the government and the media and also promoting a competitive and sustainable environment for the soft drinks industry. The various categories of soft drinks are carbonated soft drinks, still and juice drinks, sports drinks, energy drinks, water, etc. The competitors of A G Barr in the soft drinks industry include Pepsi Co. Inc, Coca Cola Company, etc. Strategy and Assessment The assessment and strategies of A G Barr is based upon the two forms of analysis, namely the SWOT Analysis and the Balance Score Card Analysis. The SWOT analysis highlights the strength, weakness, opportunities and threats of A G Barr. The balanced scorecard analysis categorises the operational targets of the company from the perspective of financial growth, customer growth, quality of products and services and determine actual values to compare with the set targets. SWOT analysis The SWOT analysis for A G Barr has been given below in the form of a chart. Â   Internal External Positive Strength Opportunities 1. The IRN BRU brand of soft drinks has been voted as the best brand of A G Barr and also holds a Guinness record for the largest can of soft drinks. 1. The suppliers of A G Barr have lesser bargaining power due to the availability of substitute product for sugar and substitute for pac kaging. 2. The company has a large market share and the operations are diversified with the help of several brands in different markets. 2. A G Barr can leverage on its strong brand to expand its operations in the emerging markets of the world like Latin America, Asia, etc. Negative Weaknesses Threats 1. The buyers of the soft drinks of A G Barr have a higher bargaining power due to the availability of several brands of soft drinks in the market. 1. There exists a fierce

The History And Development Of Forensic Science

The History And Development Of Forensic Science The use of forensic techniques has been used throughout history to solve crimes; initiating from the early existence of man, Forensic Science was intact in its simplest forms and kept on expanding throughout the prehistoric era. Prehistoric forensics is also considered as the building blocks of modern forensic techniques. In the first instance a case indicating the use of forensics was reported in ancient Rome circa in 1000 A.D. An attorney Quintilian used a handprint full of blood to prove that a blind man had been wrongly accused for the murder of his own mother. In addition the first Forensic Autopsy laid out the foundations of forensics and was first executed on Julius Caesar by the Roman physician, Antistius in 44 BC. Subsequently this Autopsy revealed that Caesar was subjected to 23 stab wounds; only one of which had proven fatal. Thus assembling the basis of Pathology and enabling an insight into the cause of death of the deceased. Additionally acknowledgement of the importance of a corpse in solving a crime was recognised and awareness of the causes of death came into question; aiding the development of this area of forensics. During prehistoric times around 700 BC the very first fingerprints were conducted by pressing a handprint into clay and rock. Archaeologists in a province of Canada known as Nova Scotia revealed an ancient drawing, outlining the detailed ridge patterns of fingerprints and a hand. In accumulation the ancient Babylonians developed fingerprints on clay tablets for use as business transactions and identification. Also during the 7th Century BC an Arabic merchant named Solemn affixed the fingerprints of a mortgager to a bill; which would be transferred over to the lender and would be documented as legal proof of a valid debt. In addition the Chinese also used this technique to affix fingerprints into clay sculptures to be used as a form of identity. Due to no classification system and common misconceptions of identity meant that this was a vital discovery; therefore fingerprints were considered as documented evidential proof in business. Archimedes between (287-212 BC) displayed the first recorded account of density and resistance by examining water displacement; enabling them to be able to ascertain that a crown was being falsely portrayed as gold. Analysis of density and toughness of the crown determined that it was not made of gold. Furthermore in 250 BC an ancient Greek physician, called Erasistratus, found that when a person was not telling the truth, the pulse rate of that person increased. Consequently this laid out the principles for the very first lie detection test; modern day lie detection is known as a polygraph and based on the changes in pulse rate/heart, galvanic skin response GSR (sweating), blood pressure and vast or sudden changes in the sympathetic nervous system. Forensics during the 1000- 1700s During this time period over 700 years, mankind discovered vast amounts of knowledge in all the diverse fields of forensics. Acknowledgment and attention to detail increased towards the end of the 16th century so much so that documents had been published showing the fine detail of fingerprints. Henceforth this aided the world of forensics in successfully developing and recognising individual human characteristics. In 1000 A.D. crime scene investigation, advanced to an extent where an attorney Quintillion was able to identify and examine hand prints covered in blood, to prove that a blind man had been trapped for the murder of his own mother. Additionally the Chinese went on further, in 1248 AD the development of the first written documentation for identifying distinctive crime via a book was published in china. In ancient China clay seals were found to consist of thumbprints. Subsequently this was one of the first books published named Hsi Duan Yu, which means The Washing Away of Wrong. This book consisted of medical knowledge which helped establish the differences in the recognition of crimes such as drowning and strangling. Consequently this book is considered as the first recorded evidence combining medicine to crime solving practices. It also consists of recorded information that outlines the basis of forensic pathology. The book His Duan Yu aided the development and enhancement of pathology and is still is considered as a valuable resource. In 1249 an Italian surgeon Hugh of Lucca took an oath as a medical expert in the city of Bologna; he gained fame for his comprehension regarding the antiseptic treatment of wounds. More than 50 years later in the year 1302 an Italian named Bartolommeo da Varignana from the same city of Bologna carried out a medical autopsy regarding a case of a murder suspect, involved in the murder of a noble man. Nearly a century and half later in 1447 a body was identified as that of Charles French Duke of Burgundy from the absent teeth which were the clue in solving the murder; his body consisted of teeth which had been knocked out whilst he was still alive and recognition of these missing teeth and scars gave an indication to his identity. Therefore this case can be considered as one of the first indications of Forensic Odontology. The French have also played a remarkable role in discoveries through the years. A French Surgeon from the year 1509-1590, called Amboise Pare wrote and published reports in court; thus producing a book which is deliberated as being the first conclusive test on legal medicine. During the 1600s the world of science had opened up with an expansion of discoveries which were taking place at a phenomenal rate. In 1601 the first treatise on systematic document examination was published in France by a French man called Francois Damelle. This document was written before the developments of inks and paper. However comparison of handwriting could be subjected to analysis and identified. Modern day handwriting analysis is conducted by a Forensic Document Examiner, who detects forgeries e.g. signatures. Moreover a Forensic Document Examiner has the task of examining documents created using photocopiers and fax machines; this is done by examining the ink and paper alongside the handwriting and its other foreign inclusions. Sir Thomas Browne (1605-1682) was an English Physician and Historian who acknowledged that a substance known as Adipocere was formed on the body of the deceased. He described this substance as fatty, waxy and soap like. It also came into recognition that Adipocere was formed on human corpses; mostly buried in moist and air free places. Persistently this substance was under analysis and a French chemist known as Antoine Franà §ois (1755-1809) discovered the chemical speciality of Adipocere whilst examining bodies; recognising its chemical similarity to soap. Subsequently this discovery was of huge progression dating back to prehistoric times (44 BC) where Antistius found that only one stab wound proved fatal during the killing of Julius Caesar. Therefore understanding of pathology was growing at an astounding rate and people started discovering the solution to crimes via science instead of relying on witchcraft. Also in 1686 Marcello Malpighi a professor of anatomy at the University of Bologna went on further to allow documentation of the different characteristics of fingerprints e.g. whorls, ridges, loops and spirals. Although Malpighi documented the patterns of fingerprints he did not mention there importance in the use of crime detection and how they are part of an individuals characteristics; hence the vital importance they play when used as identification methods. However a layer of skin approximately 1.8mm thick is named after him and is known as the Malpighi layer. A crucial discovery was made in 1775 by Karl Wilhelm Scheele. He discovered that it was possible to change Arsenious Oxide into Arsenious acid; when reacted with zinc it produces arsine. Subsequently this procedure proved to be of vital importance in forensic detection of arsenic. One of the first uses of documented physical matching was established in 1786, when John Toms an Englishman was convicted of murder. Evidential proof showed a torn wad of paper found in a pistol matching another piece in his pocket. Enhancement of Forensics during the 1800- 1900s In history this time period is considered as the growth and spread of Forensic Science. In the early 1800s where ideas were still at large and developing an English Naturalist named Thomas Bewick used his own fingerprints to identify the books he published. He did this by engraving them in order to identify the books he published. Henceforth astounding research on fingerprints came about in 1823 when Professor John evangelist published his proposition which consisted of the discussion of 9 fingerprint patterns. However there was no mention of use in personal identification. In 1810 Germany, the first recorded documented analysis was undertaken. Also a chemical test for a specific ink dye is applied to a document named as the Konigin Hanschritt. Mathieu Bonaventure published the Traite des Poisons in 1813 and was a professor at the University of Paris who specialised in medicinal and forensic chemistry. Considered as the father of modern toxicology due to his significant contributions he also aided the development of presumptive blood detection tests to indicate the presence of blood. Furthermore he was credited for his attempt to identify blood samples using the microscope. Similarly in 1817 Bateman described senile ecchymosis as he records dark purple blotches to determine that they are present due to extravasation of blood into specific tissues in the body known was dermal tissues. Similarly professor of Forensic Medicine in the year 1829 called Sir Robert Christenson published his treatise on poisons. This piece of publication was well thought out and regarded as the standard work of toxicology written in the English language. A year later in 1830 Lambert Adolph a statistician from Belgium outlined the foundations for Bertillons work by putting forward his belief that no human bodies are exactly alike. Persistently in 1831 Erhard Friedrich Leuchs describes the first Activity in human saliva on starch via the action of salivary ptyalin which is known as amylase. The year 1835 bought about the recognition of a field of forensics known as ballistics; hence the founded comparison by Henry Goddard on a visible flaw in the bullet revealed that it originated from a mold. Thus outlining the first use of bullet comparison to catch a murderer was conducted. Likewise in 1836 an English chemist known as James Marsh progresses and identifies a test for the presence of arsenic in tissues. This was later known as the Marsh Test and is known to be very sensitive for detecting as little as 0.02 mg arsenic. It is also known to be the first test of toxicology to be used in a jury trial. Consistently throughout the 1800s many vital discoveries were made Dr John Davy in 1839 was involved in one of the first attempts in investigating time of death. He used a mercury thermometer to experiment on dead soldiers to acknowledge body temperature since the time of death. Furthermore during this year the first well set out procedures for the microscopic detection of sperm and the different microscopic characterisation of the different substrate fabrics. Also in 1840 Mathieu Bonaventure applied the marsh test correctly and discovers arsenic in the corpse. After this a polish anatomist called Ludic Karol initiated a document on the crystallisation of certain organic compounds present in blood. After this the test which indicated the presence of blood on the cloths of a suspect and various items became broadly used in forensic science. During the mid-1800s, Richard Leach in 1855 established the use of dry plate photography for keeping prison records via photographing inmates. In addition Amboise August attracts attention to petechial haemorrhages which take place in asphyxia deaths. Modern research proved this wrong; however the belief is so persistent that many forensic pathologists still find this hard to discard. In 1863 the German scientist Christian Friedrich first discovers the capability of haemoglobin to oxidize hydrogen peroxide making it foam aiding the presumptive test for the presence of blood. Additionally towards the end of the year 1863 Taylor and Wilkes wrote a paper on the acknowledgement of time of death by distinguishing the fall in body temperature. Successful completion of this bought about terms and concepts such as the initial temperature, core, heat gradient and also the effect of insulation. The fingerprint discovery enhanced in 1870 when Henry Faulds took up a study involving skin furrows after noticing fingerprints on specimens of prehistoric pottery. Faulds not only acknowledged the importance of fingerprints for individualisation purposes but also planned a method of classification. Later in 1880 Faulds becomes the first person to recognize the significance of latent prints left at crime scenes. On the same agenda Argentinian Juan Venetic established the first criminal fingerprint id system; identifying a woman for the murder of her two sons. In the late 1800s Sir Francis Galton publishes his book on fingerprints outlining the first classification system. Galton identifies fingerprints by observing individuality and permanence still in use today it is known as Galtons Details. Progressively Sir Edward Richard develops this print classification and is later used in Europe. Towards the early 1900s discoveries were enhancing and the use of Forensic Science began its journey across the globe, diverging into various sectors. Human blood groups were first discovered by Karl Landsteiner in 1901; this was later adapted to be used as a validation method on type stains. Subsequently in 1902 Henry Forrest creates the first systematic use of fingerprints and later in 1903 the New York State Prison uses fingerprints for criminal identification. A breakthrough in the world of forensics and increased understanding was developed when the Lenquete criminelle was published by Dr Edmund Locard a great professor within the forensics field who stated that every contact leaves a trace, Dr Edmund- Locard, (1904). Subsequently this statement became known as Locards Exchange principal. The statement in a wider sense implied that every time an individual comes in contact with a place or another individual, something of that individual is left behind at the place; thus something of that place is taken away with the individual. During the course of the 1900s the development of blood groups, criminal identification system and also Gunshot residue tests such as the diphenylamine were developing at an astonishing rate. The mid 1950s show signs of a huge awareness of attention to detail this can be seen when Max Frei-Sulzer discovered the tape lifting method for collecting trace evidence. Many Forensic Techniques began developing such as Gas Chromatography and also identification of petroleum brands came into question. A decade later in 1960 Brian Cull-ford of the British Metropolitan Police Laboratory (BMPL) starts gel based methods to test for enzymes in dry bloodstains and other bodily fluids. Over next 40 years Forensic Science had become so advanced that many of the techniques are still used today; a technique known as Scanning Electron Microscopy was developed in 1974 at the Aerospace Corporation which involves the use of electron dispersive X-rays technology and is still in use today. On the other hand a handy mechanism known as the Automated Fingerprint Identification System was introduced by the FBI in 1977, providing the first computerized fingerprints. Other techniques such as Superglue fuming came under analysis and many techniques developed regarding fingerprints. UK police also initiate Forensic DNA profiling and later solves the Colin Pitchfork murder case. In 1991 development of a system known as Integrated Ballistics Identification System was put into practice with Drug Fire for automated imaging and comparison of marks left on fired bullets etc. Simultaneously many databases were being established. In 1996 the Police National Computer (PNC) was introduced in the UK and the FBI in 1998 released a DNA database known as NIDIS. Up until the present time development of forensic databases is still at large such as the 2007 Footwear coding and detection management system developed in the UK; assisting in detection of footwear marks found at crime scenes and comparing them with a controlled sample stored on the Footwear Database. Many modern techniques such as ESLA and Casting prove useful and efficient in the detection of footwear marks. Similarly the fingerprinting database has enhanced to an extent where it stores over 18.6 million set of ten-prints and the techniques used to retrieve prints are quick and efficient such as Florescent Magnetic and bi-chromatic powders, Superglue Fuming, Ninhydrin and Iodine fuming. Hair analysis has developed by means of Mass Spectroscopy, recently in April 2011 a new laser technique has revealed that separating out parts of hair samples can answer valuable questions about a person such as; what they have consumed recently including clues which can aid forensic scientists to understand what led them to behave in such a way. One of technologys most advanced discoveries is the PNC which immensely aided forensics since 1996 as it contains multiple databases including Automatic Number Plate Recognition (ANPR) which can detect cars without insurance, stolen and disqualified drivers. The PNC is available 24 hours a day and can produce results within minutes. Earlier this year in February 2012 the police were provided with blackberry smart phones which enclose a fingerprint scanning device enabling them to scan fingerprints and cross link these through the PNC to establish a match; thus painting a clearer and wider image of the suspects true identity. Additionally Police use a technique known as the Face Building System it works by enabling the victim to identify the perpetrator by putting forward many different facial characteristics; helping build an image of an offender for public appeal. Advancing technology in the near future may take forensics to a whole new level with a new Face Recognition System which could be used by police officers to scan faces and cross link them to the Mug shots stored on the PNC; drastically reducing the presence of Identity Freud in the UK. Till the present day forensics has proven of immense use, its phenomenal and rapid development through the ages has led to numerous crimes being solved. Vast amount of detail that has arisen through the years, allows the expansion of forensic fields which enable them to split into unique and diverse divisions e.g. Forensic Odontology. This is the study of dental evidence such as bite marks or even human remains in order to establish the identity of an individual. During this modern era; astonishingly increasing technology proceeds to thrive the success of crime detection and unravels many forensic cases at a remarkable rate; making the jobs of criminals considerably harder. Statistics provided by npia police

Roller Coaster Physics Essays -- physics roller coasters amusement the

The very first â€Å"roller coasters† were created in Russia in the 1600’s, and were nothing like the typical roller coaster that comes to mind today. People rode down steep ice slides on large sleds made from either wood or ice that were slowed with sand at the end of the ride. These sleds required skill to navigate down the slides, and accidents were frequent. A Frenchman tried to cash in on the popularity of the Russian ice slides by building one in France, but the warm climate quickly ended his attempts with ice. A waxed wooden slide proved to be much more feasible, along with wooden wheeled sleds. Just as with the ice slides, the necessity of navigation skills caused many accidents, so tracks were produced to keep the sleds in line. In the 1850’s, the first shot at a vertical loop was made in France. This â€Å"Centrifuge Railway† offered a rail car that would travel through the loop with nothing keeping it there aside from its own centripetal acceleration. Government officials quickly shut the operation down after one accident. The beginning of American roller coasters was near the end of the 19th century when railway companies set up amusement parks at the end of their lines to increase business on the weekends. In 1884 the first real roller coaster in America was introduced: a gravity driven switchback train. Passengers would climb a set of stairs to board the car, which was then pushed from the station to travel down a hill and over a few bumps. At the bottom, the passengers got out and climbed another set of stairs while workers hoisted the car to the top of the second station. The passengers got back into the car and rode to the first station on a second track. Another attempt at a vertical lo... ...changing their direction of movement from down to up. G-forces that are felt when changing direction horizontally are called lateral G’s. Lateral G’s can be converted into normal G-forces by banking turns. Roller coasters today employ clothoid loops rather than the circular loops of earlier roller coasters. This is because circular loops require greater entry speeds to complete the loop. The greater entry speeds subject passengers to greater centripetal acceleration through the lower half of the loop, therefore greater G’s. If the radius is reduced at the top of the loop, the centripetal acceleration is increased sufficiently to keep the passengers and the train from slowing too much as they move through the loop. A large radius is kept through the bottom half of the loop, thereby reducing the centripetal acceleration and the G’s acting on the passengers.

Five Forces Analysis In The Pc Industry

Rivalry: (High)There are five biggest PC manufacturers-Hewlett Packard, Dell, Lenovo and Acer and apple. None of them dominates the market. Therefore, the PC industry is not highly concentrated.The PC manufacturers focus on the reduction of cost rather than differentiations of the products. By 2011 PC manufacturers’ net profit margin was 5%(excluding apple). The low profit margin causes the intense competition among the PC manufacturers.The growth of the PC industry grows slowly, because the appearance of the tablets. This limitation of growth will lead to intense competition as well.Barrier to Entry (moderate):The Economies of scale is large. The fix cost spending on R&D, selling and marketing is high. Therefore, increasing the production of PCs will reduce per unit cost of the products. Furthermore, large economies of scale require intensive capital investmentThe PC industry has already entered the stage of maturity, meanwhile, the production differentiation is low and custo mers are more sensitive to the price. However, without minimum effective economies of scale, it is hard to lower cost. Thus, the price will be higher than its competitors.The big PC manufacturers have established strong relationship with it distributors, which make it difficult to access to the distribution channels.Buyer Power (weak to moderate):Home consumers represented the biggest segment of PC industries. They are sensitive to the price, but not highly concentrated.Suppliers Power (Moderate):There are two major suppliers of hardware in PC industry. One is Intel and the other is AMD. Though they are highly concentrated industry, but they compete with each other for the market share. The buyers always choose the cheap ones to lower their cost, which limits the power of suppliers.Microsoft is the dominant supplier of software and its OS, therefore, they will exert some pressure to their buyers.Substitute (High):Smart phones and tablets are the substitute of the PC. They erode the market share of the PC. They are increasingly functioning like computer.Another substitution is advanced game devices, like Play station and X-box. Consumers can watch the TV and surf the web and play games online.

WPU essays

WPU essays A University should be a place of delight, of liberty, and of learning How could the Seton Hall University help me achieve intellectual independence and assist me in pursuing a life of ideas? Seton Hall University would allow me to fulfill my perfectionist ideals; I would be able to compete with the best and the brightest. Moreover, the non-academic life within a dynamic campus, and a strong sense of community would enhance the challenging courses that the university has to offer. It is not simple to find a distinctive institution with incredible resources as well as personal attention. With a small faculty-to-student ratio in all classes, I could truly have significant interaction with the professors while simultaneously retaining the knowledge Id be acquiring. The hands-on experience with up-to-date equipment would be like a dream come true as Id encompass myself with ubiquitous, influential technology which is taken for granted by the common person. Taking advantage of the broad spectrum of undergraduate programs, I would improve my ability to think quantitatively, solve complicated problems, and apply my knowledge to the real world. Therefore, I have always been interested in the field of buisness, for it embodies my favorite subjects. As my calculus teacher frantically writes the equations of integrals on the board, I jot down the notes with a clear understanding of what the signs stand for and the logic behind them. Business is a major that is expected to continue experiencing growth, especially strong in areas emphasizing technology. Our society is becoming more technologically driven day by day, and is always on the look-out for expansion and increasing efficiency. By choosing Buisness as a profession, I am able to contribute to the well-being of the society as well as rigorously challenging my intellectual abilities. Although both frustration and jubilation will ensue as I endeavor to find creative solutions to d...

Austrailian Civilization essays

Austrailian Civilization essays A countrys foreign policy is only partly the result of decisions made by its government: it is mainly imposed by circumstances. Australia, during the last fifty years, has been a country unsure of its place in the world. She has been bouncing from ally to ally, begging for a place under their umbrella of protection, ignoring and denying her place in the Asian region, and struggling to find a foreign policy that is in the best interest of her welfare and security. Australia truly finds herself, pardon the pun, stuck on a rock in a hard place. The Asian region in the past half-century has been an atmosphere of turmoil and unrest. Communism threatened Australias way of life and the fragile nation that had been preserved so carefully. These threats were very real and right at Australias doorstep. The Australian continent is nearly indefensible, and Australia realized this fact. Ideas such as yellow peril and forward defense dominated the headlines during these turbulent times. Australias small army and enormous size made it a good target for attack. Not to mention the fact that Australia still: ...carried the burden of blame for its past and present racial policies toward Asia. A foreign policy, that could ensure Australias safety, was needed in a hurry. In the following pages I will attempt to show how the Australian foreign policy has evolved due to four different circumstances. First, I will examine the way Australia reluctantly turned away from the United Kingdom and towards the United States for security and protection as a result of turmoil in Asia. Secondly, I will attempt to show how the Communist scare from China and elsewhere, along with the Korean War changed the face of Australian foreign policy forever. Third, I want to show how the Vietnam War was a time of realization and change for Australian foreign policy....

Managing Uncertainty Business Plan Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Managing Uncertainty Business Plan - Coursework Example It is always advisable to settle on a business enterprise that is not only viable, but also within your area of expertise in order to ease its management. In this case, I am intending to start up Electronic repair Services Company, in the City of Birmingham which its capital will be around  £ 250,000 in its first year of operation. The organization will specialize in repairs of home electronics, most particularly home entertainment electronics, such as; DVDs, TV, VCRs, and CD players among many others. The small enterprise is created with an idea of providing top notch innovation to the general repair service business. It will offer a one stop solution for the repairing or renovation of home electronics and phones in Birmingham. This business is aiming to offer its services to home owners and phone users who are often caught unawares with unexpected electronic malfunction. The unique and distinguished services of the Electronic shop will give it the much sought after competitive ad vantage against other repair services businesses. (Apple, 2013, pp. 24)Market analysis There are around 0.9 million households in Birmingham, U.K. Virtually, all these households at least have phones, TVs, VCRs and many other   types electronics. The electronic service company will segment its market into product categories, which will reflect the projected number of each electronic device, being used in Birmingham city, because these devices may malfunction at any time, and they may require repair services.

Project Management Strategic Issues Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Project Management Strategic Issues - Essay Example The project officially began on October 2000. Demolition of the old structure was scheduled on December 2000 and the new stadium was expected to open in 2003. However, the project was delayed to 9th March 2007. This was because of delays caused by various factors chief among them financial and disputes related issues. Upon completion, the one kilometre circumference Wembley Stadium was supposed to have a bowl volume of 1,139,100m3 and 90,000 sitting capacity with demountable seats. The most spectacular thing is the 1750 tonne and 133-metre tall arch that became the symbol of the stadium. Wembley Stadium has 2618 toilets, state of art conferencing and banqueting facilities as well as 103,000m2 foot print. There were 3500 workers on site who constructed 90,000m3 concrete and 23,000 tons structural steel. There were 444km main cables, 80 km speaker cables, 87 km security cable, 38 km CCTV cables, 71 km cable tray and 14 kilometre fibre optic within the stadium. Other workings were 15000 steel reinforcements, 21,000 sprinkler heads and 1720 km small power and lighting. However, it was not possible to develop retractable new roof of the stadium and fans became disappointed. The work was quite satisfactory as most specification in the contract was met despite the delay occasioned by factors beyond the construction Company. Multiplex Construction Company made  £70 million over budget. The planned cost of the total project was  £798 million. However, Multiplex was later paid a total of  £834 million indicating project variance cost of  £36million. There are many reasons that explain the delays and increase in the project cost of Wembley Stadium. The delays caused millions of losses in pounds to the Wembley National Stadium Limited, Multiplex and other outsourcing companies such as Cleveland Bridge (steel contractor) and PC Harrington (concrete contractor). Wembley National Stadium Limited paid additional  £36m to the Multiplex (WNSL 2010). In addition, the

Islam Why the suicide bomber decides to do it Essay

Islam Why the suicide bomber decides to do it - Essay Example Suicide Bombing is a type of guerilla warfare, in which the suicide bombers blew him self and kills the other people along with him. This tactics is not only used by males, but now there females also who are becoming suicide bombers These suicide attacks are not new. They have started since 80's, being used by different religions. But if you look pro 9/11, the Muslims are carrying most of the suicide attacks. Suicide attacks are not only being used to kill the non-Muslims only, the Muslims have used suicide bombing to kills each other as well. It has been being used in Shia-Sunni conflicts, the two major sects of Islam. They have blown suicide bob in each other's mosques. However, such attacks have decreased since 2006. But the concept of suicide bombing has taking another face. Now days, theses attacks are used to kill the ones who are helping the Western world in war against Islamic extremists, and the Main country which has being affected from this approach is Pakistan, which has being a strong ally of US against war against terror. Whenever, someone hears about a suicide attack, some simple questions arise to mind of everyone that, what makes a person become suicide bomber What did the suicide got from this Why does he like violence Well in order to get the answers, we need to understand their background. Lets take the current situstion in Afghanistan. ... From this point, they start hating the humans especially the Whites. These people lose all their hopes and start hating themselves. They leave everything, start getting training from the militant organizations, where the concept of jihad against the War On Terror (WOT) troops is put in their minds. They are assured that after their martyrdom, their military organizations will look after their families. Most of the suicide bombers are young people mostly in their early 20's. They opt to become suicide bombers because it can be executed easily, the chances of getting caught is less, success is for sure and it is quite effective, it require cheap weapons, it is difficult to stop and it can kill many people from one shot. If we conclude all this, it can be said that their surroundings, all that happens with them makes them become suicide bombers. Probable Reasons for Suicide Attack in Muslim World: Now let us looking where are these suicide attacks are common and probable reasons for that. If we see recently, the countries where these attacks are taking place are Afghanistan, Iraq, Palestine and Pakistan. Lets us discuss the current political situation in these places. The reasons for suicide attacks seems to be quite obvious in Afghanistan and Iraq, these both these countries have been invaded by US army and there are military troops from different countries supporting US in their WOT. There is political disorder in these countries. The objectives of suicide bombers are to kills the troops so that there governments announce withdrawal of their troops, to do maximum damage to the troops as the people of these countries have nothing to lose. If we look the situation in

Chapter 6 Video Q Essay Example for Free

Chapter 6 Video Q Essay This video addresses business etiquette in a shared workspace. Go to www. mystudentsuccesslab. com or your course website, watch this video again, and answer the following questions: 1 Were Brian, John, and Joe acting appropriately at the start of the video? Why or why not? No. Brian, John and Joe were not acting appropriately. They were being rude and disrespectful while Regina was trying to meet her deadline. 2 When is it appropriate to borrow another person’s desk items? It is only appropriate to borrow a coworkers item when you ask for permission. 3 Is Brian dressed appropriately? Why or why not? No, his shirt wasn’t tucked in and he was dressed to casual for a business environment. 4 Is it appropriate for Joe to eat his homemade smelly food in a shared work area? Why or why not? No, it was not appropriate for Joe to be eating his food in an undersigned area. Food should be consumed in the lunch room and only on break. The smell of the food could offend everyone in the office if you are eating it in a shared work area. 5 If you were the boss and walked in on this situation, what would you do? I would call all three of them employees into my office and discuss appropriate work behavior, and explain how their disruption effect other’s work performance. I would also warn them that if this behavior continued disciplinary actions would be taken upon them. 6 Assume you are Regina, and the next day you catch John rummaging through your desk. What should you do? I would immediately seek my supervisor. Although it would be easier to talk to him about the situation on a personal level, I wouldn’t want any verbiage to be taken in the wrong context.

Challenges to Female Entrepreneurs | Research

Challenges to Female Entrepreneurs | Research INTRODUCTION Background of the Study Entrepreneurship as a research field attracts the interest of many researchers because it is a tool of development for many economies in the world (Creamer, 2006), Likewise views on feminism today are vast as they are varied and contentious, (Ikoku, 2002), which explains the increasing attention of Female Entrepreneurship in the recent years (Jamali,2009). Not only does female entrepreneurship contribute to economic growth and employment creation, but it is increasingly recognized to also enhance the diversity of entrepreneurship in any economic system (Verheul et al., 2006) and to provide avenues for female expression and potential fulfillment (Jamali,2009; Eddleston and Powell, 2008). The investigation of the factors that leads particular people to become entrepreneurs instead of others has been a question of many researches. So, many researchers have tried to understand the reasons leading those people to entrepreneurship. Toward that direction, theories and models (Leahey, 2006) were developed, and focused on the intentions that make people undertake entrepreneurship action, because the intentions are the best predictor factor for the future behavior of a person, such as the foundation of an enterprise (Krueger, 2005). So it is supported, that by formulating fundamental theories for the entrepreneurial intentions, we can explain a basic peace of the field of entrepreneurship as it affects genders. Institutional theory has been viewed as a fruitful theoretical lens in the context of female entrepreneurship research (Baugh et al., 2006). Drawing on institutional theory, Scott (1995) enumerates salient regulative, normative and cognitive pillars of institutions, which promote stability and predictability in social behavior, through compliance with codified laws. Of course there are some factors that contribute to the prediction of the entrepreneurial intentions such as the attitude and the degree of desirability toward that behavior and the level of the feasibility (Krueger, 2005). Davidson (2005) mentioned other factors defining the intentions of entrepreneurship such as propensity to action, personal convictions and other demographic variables such as gender, age, educational level and economic environment. 1.2 Women in Business The 20th century has been a period of rapid change for many women, but life for women in some parts of the world still remains harsh. However, women are getting a vital role in the global market as entrepreneurs, they play a large and growing role in the US, Canada and UK. Hisrick Ozturk,(1999) attributed their success to access to greater support from women mentors and role models and easier access to formal training in the principles of business planning and organization. Whereas, women in developing countries face obstacles such as lack of access to education and training, access to finance as well as discrimination and lack of respect or not being taken seriously (Woldie adersua,2004;Ezeaku Ozigbo, 2009). Globally, it is estimated that women account for 25-33 percent of all businesses (National Foundation of Women Business Owners, 1998). Whilst in the UK and the USA, they account for 26 and 33 percent of business start-ups respectively, surprisingly, in the Sub- Saharan Africa it is 80 percent (Kitching and Woldie, 2004).Despite the high contribution in Africa, their needs seem to be overlooked and largely hidden within the informal sector compared to their male counterparts (Mordi et al.,2009). The subject of womens career development has become increasingly important as the percentage of the Nigerian labour force that is female has increased from 11.2% two decades ago to 40.4% today (Federal office of statistics) and the proportion is expected to increase further (Nakhaie, 2007). Although there have been some women in managerial positions during the last decade, the number has been painfully few in the light of the fact that over forty percent of the work force are women. Nigerian Economy Nigeria is the most populous country in Africa, and accounts for half of West Africas population, and over 25 percent of Sub- Sahara Africa (SSA) (Nkamnebe, 2008). It is populated with over 150 million inhabitants, of which, over half of the population 15-64 years is young and active (C. I. A, 2010), still the country is characterized with poverty and is on the increase. For instance, poverty increased from 35 million people in 1985, to 39 million people in 1992; 67 people in 1996; and 74 million people in 1999. In addition, Human Development Programme indicates that 70.8 percent and 92.4 percent of Nigerian population live below US$1 (N117) and US$2 (N234) daily respectively (UNDP,2007). This claim supports the ranking of Nigeria among less developed nations of the world (UNDP, 2007). The Nigerian labour market has been characterized by high rate of unemployment, low wage and poor working conditions. This unwholesome situation evolved after the oil boom of the 1970s and remained so till date (Nnanna, Alade and Odoko, 2003). Prior to the oil boom, the Nigerian economy was largely agrarian and about 70% of the working population was engaged in agricultural activities in the rural areas. Wage rates were also comparable to international standards and the average Nigerian worker could afford decent living. In the 1960s, the emphasis of employment policies was that of shifting labour from the agricultural sector to the manufacturing sector. This appeared to be the natural path of economic growth and development, following the experienced of the developed countries (Ajakaiye, 2001). However, the Nigerian peculiarities of land tenure system, tenancy and the very rudimentary processes of farming made it extremely difficult to deploy substantially advance technology in the sector. Moreover, at that time economic policies concentrated more on the development of the manufacturing sector, under the much touted import-substitution strategy. Rather, labour moved from the agricultural sector to the services sector, with little productivity gains. Both agriculture and manufacturing lost out. The issue of sustainable development in the Third World like Nigeria has been a growing concern to both the government and the private sector. The government had invested so much money on this platform over the years but has not yielded any meaningful result. It has been realized in the recent years that there are limits to which the government alone can promote development especially with Nigerian peculiar developmental challenges due to maladministration, corruption, unstable macroeconomic regime and unpredictable fiscal policies by successive administrations (Fasua, 2006). Thus, both the public and the private sectors of the economy need to be involved in the industrial development process of the country. It is on this basis that government begins to engage in privatization policy with the view of allowing the private sector to participate in the economic development of the nation (Olu, 2009). The weak economy itself choked out several business enterprises and curtailed employment opportunities. Staff retrenchment became pervasive, starting first in the private sector and later the public sector. The unemployment was more problematic in the urban areas, as shown in the following chart (CBN, 2003). Nwoye (2007) further suggested that the best way to stimulate the economic system is by mobilizing energy, expertise and resource in Small and Medium Enterprises which will increase productivity, and ultimately improve the social life and economic welfare. The author was also concerned about the attainment of economic growth when half the population being female gender is marginalized in policy planning and economic resource management matters. Moreover, with women comprising of 52 percent of Africas estimated 805 million population, womens empowerment is of the essence for Africa sustainable growth. This claim is applicable to Nigeria which is the most populous country in Africa. 1.3 Research Gap Research on female business owners is extensive in the industrialised economies, especially the United States and Canada (Lerner, Brush and Hisrich, 1997), which has helped the development and needs of the female entrepreneurs. Most of the research reflects the characteristics, experiences and challenges of female entrepreneurs in the western world (Kitching and Woldie, 2004; Carter, 2000), However, a limited number of studies have been undertaken to investigate these issues in the developing countries (Mordi et al., 2010). Despite the extent of female entrepreneurs in involvement in new business formation, the economic impact of women led businesses has been down-played (Carter et al.,2002): Female entrepreneurship is an under-researched area with tremendous economic potential and one that requires special attention (Henry, 2002) Thus, there has been a growing call by scholars for studies in non- Western context to deepen our knowledge of the socially constructed nature of female entrepreneurs. In response to this research gap, the author chooses Nigeria as the scope of analysis. Aims and Objective of the Research The aim of the study is to take a deeper look at the problems faced by female entrepreneurs in Nigeria focusing on gender effects and other factors in the environment. The following objectives are formulated to guide the investigation: To identify factors in the business environment that affects the development and survival of female entrepreneurs in Nigeria. To ascertain if the issue of female gender marginalization in Nigeria affects entrepreneurial ability of women. To determine whether family roles have any effect on female entrepreneur performance in Nigeria. To determine if there is any relationship between gender and entrepreneurial skill in Nigeria. To ascertain whether culture and beliefs affect the performance of female entrepreneurs in Nigeria The dissertation deals with the problem of female entrepreneurs in Nigeria. The unit of analysis is the gender. The focus is on individual and organizational shortcomings of nascent and young entrepreneurs and their ventures and employs a theoretical framework that allows for addressing these managerial problems by adopting an evolutionary perspective. Research Questions The following research questions are formulated to guide the investigation: Are there factors in the business environment that affects the development and survival of female entrepreneurs in Nigeria? Does the issue of female gender marginalization in Nigeria affects entrepreneurial ability of women? Do family roles have effect on female entrepreneur performance in Nigeria? Is there any relationship between gender inequality and entrepreneurial skill in Nigeria? Do culture and beliefs affect the performance of female entrepreneurs in Nigeria? Research Hypotheses For the purpose of this study, it is important to test the following hypotheses: Hypothesis I Ho: The issue of female gender marginalization in Nigeria has no effects on entrepreneurial ability of women. Hi: The issue of female gender marginalization in Nigeria has effects on entrepreneurial ability of women. Hypothesis II Ho: There is no relationship between the family roles and female entrepreneurs performance in Nigeria. Hi: There is relationship between the family roles and female entrepreneurs performance in Nigeria. Hypothesis III Ho: Gender inequality is not significant to female entrepreneurial ability in Nigeria Hi: Gender inequality is significant to female entrepreneurial ability in Nigeria Significance of the Study This is significant to many people in many areas. In this light, the study is relevant because it seeks to provide entrepreneurial guideline and gender development procedure that would lead to effective attainment of national objectives in terms of economic growth and reduction of unemployment in Nigeria. To the female gender the study would serve as eye opener in terms of discovering their entrepreneurial potentials despite the influence of culture and beliefs. The conclusions can be used both in the evaluation of the current system concerning entrepreneurship as well as in the formation of new strategies in the entrepreneurship in tertiary education. It would provide students in higher-institutions with sound knowledge and give them avenue to the understanding the need for venturing into entrepreneurial activities, how, why and when entrepreneurial skills acquired tertiary institutions should be implemented. Finally, the study would serve as a veritable source of information for individuals, youths irrespective of gender and the government, on how to harvest the rich benefit of entrepreneurship in the national building and economic development. 1.7 Scope of the Study In view of the fact that the study of problems faced by female entrepreneurs involves all and sundry and cannot be exhausted in this research. It therefore becomes necessary to define the scope of the study. The scope of this study is female entrepreneurs and graduates on National Youth Corps Service (NYSC) in Lagos area of Nigeria, 2010. Therefore, this research is an empirical examination of entrepreneurship problems in Nigeria and entrepreneurial skills among graduates on NYSC; analysis by gender; it will go beyond theoretical approach to evaluate entrepreneurs problems and gender effect on entrepreneurship to generate further insight. 1.8 Structure of the Dissertation This study is divided into five parts. Chapter one is the introductory which highlights the statement of the identified problems, objectives, research questions and significance of the study, etc. Chapter two contains a detailed review of literature on key concepts of entrepreneurship, gender influence on entrepreneur performance and problems faced by female entrepreneurs in Nigeria. Chapter three discusses the research design, data collection methods, sample size determination, questionnaire design and administration, etc. In chapter four, the presentation and analysis of data and the testing of hypotheses are carried out. The results and interpretation are presented. Chapter five is the concluding part of the study, where reasons are given for the results obtained from the research. Conclusions, recommendations, and suggestions are made for improvement based on the research findings. 1.9 Definition of Terms Entrepreneur: Is the innovating individual, who initiates and nurtures to growth a new and an on going business organisation, where none existed before. Entrepreneurial Skill: The potential and ability of an individual to initiate and nurtures a new business to growth, expertly. Development: Is defined as gradual advancement through progressive stages of growth from within Capital Venture: Is a form of long term investment for start-up companies and growing businesses that have the potential to develop into significant economic contributors. Gender: Nature of human being that depict sex which is made of male and female. Graduates: Young Schools leavers especially those from higher institution of learner (i.e. universities, polytechnic and colleges, etc) National Youth Corps Service: A compulsory one year work experience program for graduates in Nigeria