Difference Between Anatomy and Physiology

Anatomy and physiology are two related biology disciplines. Many college courses teach them together, so its easy to be confused about the difference between them. Simply put, anatomy is the study of the structure and identity of body parts, while physiology is the study of how these parts function and relate to one another. Anatomy is a branch of the field of morphology. Morphology encompasses the internal and outward appearance of an organism (e.g., is shape, size, pattern) as well as form and location of external and internal structures (e.g., bones and organs -- anatomy). A specialist in anatomy is called an anatomist. Anatomists gather information from living and deceased organisms, typically using dissection to master internal structure. The two branches of anatomy are macroscopic or gross anatomy and microscopic anatomy. Gross anatomy focuses on the body as a whole and the identification and description of body parts large enough to be seen with the naked eye. Microscopic anatomy focuses on cellular structures, which may be observed using histology and various types of microscopy. Physiologists need to understand anatomy because the form and location of cells, tissues, and organs are related to function. In a combined course, anatomy tends to be covered first. If the courses are separate, anatomy may be a prerequisite for physiology. The study of physiology requires living specimens and tissues. While an anatomy lab is primarily concerned with dissection, a physiology lab may include experimentation to determine the reaction of cells or systems to change. There are many branches of physiology. For example, a physiologist may focus on the excretory system or the reproductive system. Anatomy and physiology work hand-in-hand. An x-ray technician might discover an unusual lump (change in gross anatomy), leading to a biopsy in which the tissue would be examined on a microscopic level for abnormalities (microscopic anatomy) or a test looking for a disease marker in the urine or blood (physiology). Studying Anatomy and Physiology College biology, pre-med, and pre-vet students often take a combined course called AP (Anatomy and Physiology). This anatomy portion of the course is typically comparative, where students examine homologous and analogous structures in a variety of organisms (e.g., fish, frog, shark, rat or cat). Increasingly, dissections are being replaced by interactive computer programs (virtual dissections). Physiology may be either comparative physiology or human physiology. In medical school, students progress to study human gross anatomy, which involves dissection of a cadaver. In addition to taking AP as a single course, its also possible to specialize in them. A typical anatomy degree program includes courses in embryology, gross anatomy, microanatomy, physiology, and neurobiology. Graduates with advanced degrees in anatomy may become researchers, healthcare educators, or continue their education to become medical doctors. Physiology degrees may be granted at the undergraduate, masters, and doctoral level. Typical courses may include cell biology, molecular biology, exercise physiology, and genetics. A bachelors degree in physiology can lead to entry-level research or placement in a hospital or insurance company. Advanced degrees may lead to careers in research, exercise physiology, or teaching. A degree in either anatomy or physiology is good preparation for studies in the fields of physical therapy, orthopedic medicine, or sports medicine.

Forensic Psychology A Unique Twist On Regular Psychology

Forensic psychology is a unique twist on regular psychology. Remarkably the job of a forensic is a more intense psychiatrist. This is because they do more than normal psychiatrist. A Forensic Psychiatrist is a doctor that has training in psychiatry and forensic that come together to be used with in different aspects of the law (Forensic Psychiatrist: Job Description, 2013). I am interested in Forensic Psychiatrist as a career because it deals with both Forensic and psychology and I am very fascinated by both. Also I find that understand mental health is very important and the want to break the barrier that so many people have about mental illness is something that is very important to me. Others should be instead in them because the help†¦show more content†¦Remarkably they could become mentally unstable. This causes mental illness such as depression, bipolar disorder, and many other different illnesses and disorders. Mental illnesses are important to be treated so that the people that have them have an opportunity to live the way someone with mental stability can live (Mental health: a state of well-being, 2014) . Also there is a barrier that people have, whether it be not understanding mental health, or not caring about it. A psychologist helps break down those barriers and makes things easier for people to have mental disabilities to get the proper treatment that they need. Mental illnesses are nothing to play around with. They can cause rational people do irrational things (Mental health: a state of well-being, 2014). â€Å"Forensic mental health defined more broadly is an area of specialization that, in the criminal sphere, involves the assessment and treatment of those who are both mentally disordered and whose behavior has led, or could lead, to offending (Mullen, 2000).† Remarkably specifically what a forensic psychologist does in comparison to a regular psychologist or psychiatrist is they are involved with the way more than a regular psychologist or psychiatrist does. So working on the forensic field, they would deal a lot more with pressure than a regular psychiatrist. Depending on crimes or offences committed will

Phillip Morris Free Essays

Philip Morris promotion of Marlborough cigarettes. Instituted in the sass’s. The brand moved to and assured that the flavor would be unchanged by the decision of adding a filter. We will write a custom essay sample on Phillip Morris or any similar topic only for you Order Now â€Å"Come to where the flavor Is: Come to Marlboro man,† Marlboro man was a rugged cowboy smoking Marlboro cigarettes while rolling his horse In the outdoors. The ad helped propel Marlboro to the top of the world market Threefold 1 ) Significant economic advantages. Standardized advertising lowers the cost of value creation by spreading the fixed costs of developing the advertisements over many Mounties. Ex. Coca Cola saved $90 million over 20 yr by using certain elements of Its campaign globally 2)Creative talent is scarce and one large effort to develop a campaign is much more successful than numerous amounts of smaller efforts 3)many brands are global brands Against standardizing advertising 1) cultural differences between nations- a message that works In one nation could potentially fall In another nation. Cultural diversity makes It difficult to develop a single theme that Is effective on a global level 2)advertising regulations may block implementation of standardized advertising. Ex. Kellogg could not use a commercial it produced in great Britain to promote its product in other European countries. A reference to iron and vitamins in its cereal was not allowed in the Netherlands because health and medical benefits were outlawed. In France children are not allowed to endorse products. In Germany a key line was disallowed because of competitive claims. Another example would be American express offering bonus points every time the card was used. And the points could be used towards air ravels and hotel accommodations. Germany competition law was broken as it is suppose to prevent the offer of free gifts In connection with the sales of goods. Dealing with country differences Experimenting with capturing benefits of global standardization while recognizing differences in countries cultural and legal environments. Some features to include in all of its advertising, which can result in saving on costs while building international brand recognition. Monika in the sass’s launched a global advertising campaign † 1001 reasons to have a Monika imaging phone. Did this to reduce costs and capture economies of scale. Value in trying to establish a global brand image. Used actors from regions where the advertising covered. And used local settings as well. Doves global real beauty campaign 1) Milliner, who marketed dove a storied consumer multinational with global reach, a strong positioned In fast growing developing nations, and a reputation for customizing products to condition prevailing In local markets. ( ex. Indian women OLL hair before washing , so western shampoos that TLD remove the OLL didn’t sell well. However, milliner reformulated shampoos for India. Company exaggerated because it has shifted towards a global emphasis. Dove. Brand should stand for the real beauty of all women. Mission was to make women feel more beautiful everyday by widening the stereotypical definition of beauty and inspiring them to take care of themselves. 3) Following workshops held around the globe that brand managers and agencies communicate beauty. Asked 67 photographers to submit portraits of women of all shapes, sizes and ages. Dove photo tour. ) German office of Milliner advertising agency, Googol and Matter worldwide, came up with a concept for communicating real beauty based on photographs showing ordinary women in their underwear. Advertisement made its way to the I-J where they perceived it as politics and not advertising. 5) 2% of women worldwide considered themselves as beautiful and the half thought their weight was too high 6) 2004 campaign was launched globally. Radical shift form Milliner . T weaked to take local sensibilities. 7) Milliner extended the dove product line to include skin creams, shampoos, and shower gels. Made a video on youth 8) Dove created â€Å"Evolution, depicting the transformation of a real woman into a model and promoting awareness of how unrealistic perceptions of beauty are created. † 9) â€Å"he Dove global study, Beauty Comes of Age, revealed that 91% of women ages 50-64 believe it is time for society to change its views about women and aging. The campaign celebrated the essence of women 50+ ?wrinkles, age spots, grey hair and all. It was brought to life through a communications campaign created with internationally renowned photographer Annie Leibniz. 0) â€Å"The Dove@ Movement for Self-Esteem provides women everywhere with opportunities to mentor the next generation and celebrate real beauty. â€Å"11)†Dove@ has created self-esteem- building, educational programs and activities that encourage, inspire and motivate girls around the world. Dove has reached over 7 million girls so far with these programs, and set a global goal of reaching 15 million girls b y 2015. † -supply chains looks like -How Is it going to come in? -How you will market? Brand is the logo, 100, and connotations â€Å"Bat† night, up late. How to cite Phillip Morris, Papers

Legal Relations Business and Corporations Law

Question: Discuss about the Legal Relations for Business and Corporations Law. Answer: Introduction: The case study describes an agreement between a father and his son, Richard, for the upkeep of the family compound at a weekly fee of two hundred dollars ($200). After four weeks the father reneges on his end of the bargain stating that it is Richards responsibility as a family member to care for the compound. He argues further that as Richard is getting free board and lodging payment should not be required. The scenario in question gives rise to various issues under Contract Law. It is evident that an agreement was arrived at between Richard and his father, however, whether this agreement creates a contract enforceable by law is the key issue to be discussed in this paper. Gulati (2011) believes that the essence of Contract Law is validating promises made by parties in exercise of their free will and independence. Generally, for a contract to exist an offer and an acceptance, intent to be bound by law, consideration, capacity and freedom to contract, as well as the comprehension and approval of the circumstances in place should be present (Elements of a Contract 2015). According to Andrews (2015), the intent to create legal relations doctrine goes hand in hand with the Doctrine of Consideration, that is, the element of a price paid. As such, should a person wish to sue on a promise he must first show the element of consideration exists and that secondly the promise was exchanged under circumstances illuminating an intent to create legal relations (Andrews 2015). Evidence on the existence of intent can be either express, by way of words, or implied in the parties actions (Latimer 2012). In Grant v Bragg [2009] EWCA Civ 1228, the court recognised that where parties have agreed that informal agreementsshould be finalised in writing, the effect is to render the parties dealingssubject to contract. With regard to intention being implied by the parties actions, McHugh JA in Integrated Computer Services Pty Ltd v Digital Equipment Corp. (Aust) Pty Ltd [1988] CA 365, stated that a contract may be inferred from the acts and conduct of parties as well as or in the absence of their words. This conduct should be analysed to determine consensus, this point was reinforced in Ormwave Pty Ltd v Smith [2007] NSWCA 210. With regard to intention, agreements have been categorised into those of a social or domestic nature and those of a business or commercial nature (Gibson 2014). Social or domestic agreements are those involving family members or friends as parties in which a rebuttable presumption that parties did not intend legal relations exists (Gibson 2014). Traditionally, agreements created under the social or domestic context were unenforceable as they were presumed, at first instance, to be lacking serious intention (Gibson 2014). It was believed that in respect of policy, contract law should not interfere in family situations as the courts would be flooded by petty family discords (McKendrick Liu 2015). The decision in Ermogenous v Greek Orthodox Community of South Australia Incorporated [2001] 209 CLR 95, change the test for intention from a rebuttable presumption to an objective analysis of the conduct of the parties (Gibson 2014). According to Lord Denning in Merritt v Merritt [1970] 1 WLR 1211 courts did not attempt to adduce intention by examining the minds of the parties but rather by inquiring whether a reasonable man would consider the agreement as an intention to contract (Gulati 2011). The leading decision in domestic arrangements, other than those between married parties, is Jones v Padavatton [1969] 1 WLR 328 CA where a daughter resigned from her job in the US and moved to London on her mothers invitation (Furmston Tolhurst 2010) The mother had promised to pay her $200 a month if she moved to London to study for the bar, after various attempts and failures at the examination the mother terminated the agreement and sort to repossess the house she had purchased for her da ughter based on the aforementioned agreement (Stone Devenney 2014). In this case, Salmon LJ analysed the facts rather than automatically applying a presumption and found that a valid contract was in operation although it had since expired (Andrews 2015). In addition to the objective test, courts have also in some cases opted to respect custom as a test for the intention to create legal relations among familial parties (Lucke 1970). This was illustrated in Tarverner v Swanbury [1944] SASR 194 where an Italian immigrant and market gardener hired his son for a number of years with the promise of his sustenance and some allowance. In this case, Reed J stated that intention to contract was absent in the agreement as it observed an Italian custom that was not normally subject to legal deliberation (Lucke 1970). The agreement between Richard and his father in the case study provided is one that falls in the bracket of social and domestic agreements. At first instance, it would be subjected to a rebuttable presumption that it was not meant to be legally enforceable. However, as courts have evolved to adopt objectivity in adjudging such cases, the question of intent will be answered by inferences from the conduct of Richard and his father. It is clear from the conduct of Richards father that this was not a matter he intended to be legally enforceable as it is every family members responsibility to care for the property. Should Richard decide to proceed with filing a suit to seek any remedy, he should be advised that the onus would be on him to prove that the agreement was a valid contract. He should also prove that it is not customary for parents to hire their children in his community, where such arrangements are free of intention to contract. It is important to note that proving intent in su ch cases is an uphill battle for the plaintiff and the reasonable solution would be to handle the matter amicably outside of court. Frere Bros contracted Joe, based on his prowess in the acting industry, for five years during which he was not to offer his acting services elsewhere. However, a year later, Joe engaged Pretty Pictures in an agreement to star in their film. The issue in question in this scenario is whether Joes actions constitute a breach of contract. This will be determined by analysing whether the exclusivity clause, restraining Joes freedom of employment, was valid. At face value, it would seem that there was indeed a breach of contract as Joe violated a term in the contract that he had previously agreed to. However, as will be seen, the issue of exclusivity clauses in personal service contracts is one that elicits great discourse due to its sensitive nature. There exists, in every contract, an implied requirement that each party act in good faith so as not to hinder the contracts execution (LaMance 2013). Employment contracts, in particular, expect good faith and fidelity from an employee in their service where fidelity simply requires an employees consideration for their employers interests (Contracts of Employment The Duty of Fidelity 2013). Smith LJ in Robb v Green [1895] provided the first expression of this duty in its modern form as an implied obligation of the servant to serve his master with good faith and fidelity (Frazer 2015). The Duty of Fidelity comprises of clear elements such as the duty not to compete with the employer which has been identified in case law as illustrated in Hivac Ltd v Park Royal Scientific Instruments Ltd CA 1946 (Brooks 2001). In this case, the plaintiffs employees worked for the defendant, who operated in the same industry, during their spare time; the spare time work was held to be a breach of contra ct based on the Doctrine of Fidelity (Brooks 2001). The orthodox standing of the law with regard to breach of exclusive service clauses has been the decision in Lumley v Wagner [1852] EWHC (Ch) J96, where Lord St Leonards granted an injunction restricting an opera singer from performing at a theatre as she had contacted to perform exclusively at the plaintiffs theatre for a period of three months (Brooks 2001). The rule in Lumley was also applied in Curro v Beyond Productions Ltd [1993] 30 NSWLR 337 to prevent a television presenter from breaching her service contract by switching to a different television channel (Latimer 2012). This rule has been keenly observed by Australian courts over the years, which have been more traditional than the British ones (Brooks 2001). According to Brooks (2001), with regard to restraints in the course of employment, British courts have adopted the category of specified services over the traditional one of special services restricted to the entertainment industry. They have opted to accept the legitimacy of exclusive service contracts on the grounds that the restriction on other employment is limited to the specific field in which the employer is concerned and that said restriction is reasonable (Brooks 2001). The test for reasonableness involves weighing the employees short-term loss of employment against the loss of skills to a competitor (Brooks 2001). The restraint will be enforced by a court of law if it is proved that the employer has a genuine interest to protect and the clause does not overreach in protecting this interest (Brooks 2001). Additionally, an employer who wants exclusive service must obtain an express agreement to that effect (Brooks 2001). Contracts for personal service are not usually subject to the doctrine of specific performance (Latimer 2012). This is because the effect of such a remedy would force the party in breach to either execute their end of the bargain or starve (Sullivan Hilliard 2016). This point was illustrated in Warner Brothers v Nelson [1937] 1 KB 209 where the courts granted injunctions rather than specific performance orders as remedies for breach of exclusivity clauses(Sullivan Hilliard 2016). Lord Cairns in Doherty v Allman [1878] 3 App Cas. 709 stated that where parties, at a reasonable price, who are well aware of the circumstances in question, agree to prohibit a particular act or omission, then the work of an equitable court, through an injunction, would be to simply enforce the agreement, that the particular act or omission is prohibited (Riley 2012). Additionally, where a term in a contract creates a requirement, which if infringed, renders said term valueless and ineligible for compensat ion then damages in such a case are likely to be inadequate (Riodan 2004). In the case study provided, Frere Bros made it expressly clear in their contract with Joe that they required exclusive service by ensuring he promised to work with only them for a period of five years. Additionally, Pretty Pictures is a business operating in the same industry as Frere Bros and as such they are competitors. Joes skill as one of the best actors in the industry would give Pretty Pictures a competitive advantage over Frere Bros. This goes to show that Frere Bros does, in fact, have a genuine interest to protect by restricting Joe from contracting with other film production companies. With this is mind it is clear that Joe has breached his duty of fidelity to Frere Bros. As a remedy of damages would be inadequate and that of specific performance highly prejudiced against the actor, Frere Bros can only seek an injunction to stop Joe from contracting with Pretty Pictures. References Andrews, N., 2015, Contract Law, Cambridge University Press. Brooks, A., 2001, The Limits of Competition: Restraint of Trade in the Context of Employment Contracts, UNSW Law Journal, 24(2), 346-381. Frazer, A., 2015, The Employees Contractual Duty of Fidelity, The Law Quarterly Review, 131(1), 53-77. Furmston, M. Tolhurst, G.J., 2010, Contract Formation: Law and Practice, Oxford University Press, Oxford. Gibson, A. Fraser, D., 2013, Business Law 2014, Pearson Education, Australia. Gulati, B., 2011, Intention to Create Legal Relations: A Contractual Necessity or An Illusory Concept, Beijing Law Review 2(3), 127-133. LaMance, K., 2013, Contract Good Faith and Fair Dealing, in Legal Match, viewed 5 September 2016, from https://www.legalmatch.com/law-library/article/contract-good-faith-and-fair-dealing.html. Latimer, P., 2012, Australian Business Law, CCH Australia Ltd. Lucke, H.K., 1970, The Intention to Create Legal Relations, The Adelaide Law Review, 3(4) 419-430, viewed 5 September 2016, from https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/AdelLawRw/1970/1.html. McKendrick, E. Liu, Q., 2015, Contract Law: Australian Edition, Palgrave Macmillan. OSullivan, J. Hilliard, J., 2016, The Law of Contract, Oxford University Press. Riley, J., 2012, Sterilising Talent: A Critical Assessment of Injunctions Enforcing Negative Covenants , Sydney Law Review, 34(4), 617-635, viewed 5 September 2016, from https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2244676. Riordan, J., 2004, Equitable Remedies, Jaani Net Resources, 1-13, viewed 5 September 2016, from https://www.jaani.net/resources/law_notes/contracts/13_Equitable_remedies.pdf. Stone, R. Devenney, J., 2014, Text, Cases and Materials on Contract Law, Routledge. The Law Handbook, 2016, Elements of a Contract, viewed 5 September 2016, from https://www.lawhandbook.org.au/07_01_02_elements_of_a_contract/. TWN Solicitors, 2013, Contracts of Employment-The Duty of Fidelity, viewed 5 September 2016, from https://www.twmsolicitors.com/news-and-blogs/contracts-of-employment-the-duty-of-fidelity/.